Microarray analysis of circular RNA expression profiles associated with gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells
- Authors:
- Published online on: May 17, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6450
- Pages: 395-404
Abstract
Introduction
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, with an overall five-year survival rate of <5% (1). The high mortality rate associated with PC can be largely attributed to its highly aggressive nature, wherein local invasion and remote metastasis may occur during the early stages of carcinogenesis (2). Thus, the majority of patients diagnosed with PC cannot undergo surgery and chemotherapy is thus the main treatment option. At present, gemcitabine (GEM) is the first-line drug used in the treatment of PC. However, its therapeutic efficacy is far from satisfactory due to the inherent chemoresistance of PC (3). A previous study revealed that only 23.8% of GEM-treated patients received therapeutic benefits in their early stages of treatment (4). However, the majority of these patients faced therapeutic failure due to the obtained chemoresistance against GEM. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of GEM chemoresistance is necessary to develop novel-targeted therapies to ‘flip the switch’ from drug resistance to susceptibility in PC.
Recently, a set of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been found to be involved in PC pathogenesis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special class of endogenously expressed non-coding RNAs, which are featured with a covalently closed loop structure without a 5′ to 3′ polarity and polyadenylated tail (5). circRNAs are highly conserved in mammals and are mainly expressed in a cell type-specific or developmental stage-specific manner, indicating their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes (6–8). Currently, studies have confirmed that circRNAs contain conserved miRNA binding sites and function as miRNA sponges to modulate the expression of target genes. To date, the dysregulation of circRNAs has been reported in a set of human diseases, particularly in cancer development and progression (9–16). A recent study demonstrated that clusters of circRNAs were aberrantly expressed in PC compared with normal samples (17); however, the specific roles of circRNAs in PC pathogenesis remain unknown.
In the present study, to explore the roles of circRNAs in the development of chemoresistance in PC, we first developed a GEM-resistant PC cell line (SW1990/GZ) by exposing SW1990 PC cells to gradient concentrations of GEM. We then performed microarray analysis of SW1990/GZ cells, along with their parental control cells. Our results demonstrated several differentially expressed circRNAs that may be involved in the transformation of the GEM resistance of PC and may provide potential molecular biomarkers or therapeutic targets for PC in the future.
Materials and methods
Establishment of GEM-resistant cell line, SW1990/GZ
The PC cell line, SW1990, was purchased from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The GEM-resistant cell line, SW1990/GZ, was established by repeated subcultures in the presence of stepwise increases in GEM concentrations (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO, USA) during the growth of SW1990 cells. First, SW1990 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (HyClone Laboratories/GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) and various concentrations of GEM. Subsequently, cell death was observed, and the median lethal dose of SW1990 cells was set to 0.07 µg/ml. Subsequently, the SW1990 cells were cultured in medium containing GEM at a concentration of 0.1 µg/ml. Following incubation at 37°C for 48 h, the culture and dead cells were replaced with fresh drug-free medium. The remaining cells could then grow and probably enter the logarithmic phase of cell growth. They were passaged twice and then re-cultured in medium containing GEM at a concentration of 0.1 µg/ml. The medium was then replaced with culture medium containing GEM at a concentration of 0.4 µg/ml, and the cells were cultured with the aforementioned cycle progress, according to four-fold increase in the drug concentration. Finally, the cells were cultured in a medium with a drug concentration of 400 µg/ml. Therefore, the filter viable cells produced a stable resistance to high concentrations of GEM. After 10 months, we had successfully acquired a stable GEM-resistant cell line designated as SW1990/GZ.
Drug sensitivity assay
Cells (3×103 cells/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. After 12 h, the cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of GEM (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 µg/ml) and incubated at 37°C for 72 h to determine the IC50 value using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) to evaluate the sensitivity to GEM.
RNA extraction, purification and array hybridization
Total RNA was extracted from three samples of SW1990/GZ and SW1990 cells using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and treated with Rnase R (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA) to remove linear RNA. Subsequently, enriched circRNA samples were amplified and transcribed into fluorescent cRNA by a random priming method (Arraystar Super RNA Labeling kit; Arraystar, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA). The labeled cRNAs were purified by the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). The concentration and specific activity of the labeled cRNAs (pmol Cy3/µg cRNA) were determined by NanoDrop ND-1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA). Labeled cRNA (1 µl each) was fragmented by adding 5 µl of 10X blocking agent and 1 µl of 25X fragmentation buffer, and the mixture was then heated at 60°C for 30 min. Subsequently, the labeled cRNA was diluted with 25 µl of 2X hybridization buffer. Finally, the labeled cRNA was hybridized using Human 8×15 K circRNA Array (Arraystar). The hybridized arrays were washed, fixed and scanned using the Agilent DNA Microarray Scanner G2505C (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA).
Microarray data analysis
Agilent Feature Extraction software (version 11.0.1.1; Agilent Technologies) was used to analyze scanned images for raw data extraction. Quintile normalization and subsequent data processing were performed using the R software package R version 3.1.2 (Agilent Technologies), and low intensity filtering was performed. In the comparison of the cricRNA profiles of two groups using Student's t-test, the differences with a fold change (FC) of ≥2 and P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
Total RNA was extracted from the cell samples using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Briefly, cDNA was synthesized from 1 µg of total RNA with SuperScript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen Japan) samples. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using a SYBR PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara, Kyoto, Japan) on a Rotor-Gene 6000 real-time genetic analyzer (Corbett Life Science, Mortlake, Australia). Primer sequences for candidate genes are listed in Table I. The PCR program was initiated for 10 min at 95°C before 40 thermal cycles, each at 10 sec at 95°C and 1 min at 60°C to collect fluorescent signals. The relative quantification of circRNA expression levels was determined by taking the average of the GAPDH-normalized 2−ΔΔCq values (18).
GO and pathway analyses
The potential functions of the parental genes of differential circRNAs were analyzed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID; https://david.ncifcrf.gov/). The parental gene function was then predicted by GO functional annotation in terms of biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF). The results of the GO analysis are presented in a scatter plot, and the related pathways of the parental genes of differential circRNAs were analyzed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; http://www.genome.jp/kegg/).
miRNA prediction
The circRNA-miRNA interaction was predicted by using Arraystar home-made miRNA target prediction software (Arraystar), which is based on the TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) and miRanda (http://www.microrna.org/) prediction algorithm. The differentially expressed circRNAs in all the comparisons were annotated in detail with the circRNA/miRNA interaction information.
CircRNA-miRNA-target gene network
To further elucidate the associations between circRNAs and miRNAs, potential circRNA-miRNA-target gene interaction analysis was conducted by Cytoscape (version 3.6.1; http://www.cytoscape.org/). The size of each node represents the number of putative miRNA functionally connected to each circRNA.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 13.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Student's t test was used for comparisons between two groups. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Drug resistance index of SW1990/GZ
The GEM resistance of the SW1990/GZ cell line was identified by determining its IC50 value against the parental SWl990 cell line. The IC50 value of GEM for the SW1990/GZ cells was 79.3±5.31 µg/ml, which was 26.2-fold higher than that of the parental cell line, SWl990 (3.03±0.27 µg/ml), indicating that the drug resistance index of SWl990/GZ cells relative to the parental SW1990 cells was 26.2 (Fig. 1). The GEM-resistant cell line, SW1990/GZ, was thus successfully established.
Overview of circRNA profiles
The expression of human circRNAs was screened in the SW1990 and SW1990/GZ cell samples using a microarray platform. Hierarchical clustering and box plot visualization revealed a distinguishable circRNA expression pattern between SW1990 and SW1990/GZ cells (Fig. 2A and B). In total, 81 circRNAs were differentially expressed (fold change ≥2.0 and P<0.05) between the SW1990/GZ and SW1990 cells. Among these, 26 circRNAs were upregulated and 55 circRNAs were downregulated >2-fold in SW1990/GZ cells. The 10 circRNAs with the most signficant increased and decreased in expression in the SW1990/GZ cells compared to the SW1990 cells are displayed in Fig. 2A and Table II. Significantly, the expression levels of circRNA_101672, circRNA_004077 and circRNA_003251 were upregulated in SW1990/GZ by 3.47-, 2.82- and 2.81-fold, respectively. Furthermore, circRNA_101543, circRNA_102747 and circRNA_000926 were downregulated by 3.94-, 3.88- and 3.51-fold, respectively. We also analyzed the chromosome distribution of these deregulated circRNAs. The differentially expressed circRNAs with statistically significance between SW1990/GZ and SW1990 cells were identified by volcano plot filtering (Fig. 2C). As displayed in Fig. 2D, each chromosome had circRNA locations, while chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 12 and 17 had considerably more circRNA locations than the other chromosomes, indicating a stronger association with GEM resistance in PC. The top two upregulated circRNAs, circRNA_101672 and circRNA_004077, were both located on chromosome 16, which may be the most important circRNA in GEM resistance in PC. Among the deregulated circRNAs, there were 72 exonic, 1 antisense, 3 intronic and 5 sense overlapping (Fig. 2E).
Validation of the microarray data by RT-qPCR
To validate the microarray data, three upregulated and three downregulated circRNAs were selected as representatives for further validation by RT-qPCR. According to the data shown in Fig. 3, four of the six tested circRNAs yielded results quite similar to those of the microarray. These well-validated circRNAs included two upregulated circRNAs (circRNA_101672 and circRNA_003251) and two downregulated circRNAs (circRNA_101543 and circRNA_102747). Although the other two circRNAs were not well repeated, the direction of change was similar to that noted in the microarray data. This result indicated that most of the circRNAs identified by microarray were reliable.
GO and pathway analysis of the parental genes of circRNAs
Differentially regulated circRNAs and their parental genes were further analyzed by GO analysis to speculate circRNA potential functions on three different aspects: BP, CC and MF. The top 10 enrichment GO entries for upregulated and downregulated circRNAs are displayed in Fig. 4. We found that the upregulated circRNAs were mainly enriched for GO terms related to nucleic acid metabolic process involved in BP, poly(A) RNA binding linked with MF, and nucleoplasm in CC. For the downregulated circRNAs, the most significantly enriched GO terms in BP, MF, and CC were peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation, enzyme binding and intracellular organelle, respectively. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis was performed. The upregulated circRNAs were involved in 11 pathways, while the downregulated circRNAs were involved in 37 pathways. The predominant pathways are displayed in Fig. 5. The top three enriched pathways for upregulated circRNAs were cell cycle, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. The top three enriched pathways for downregulated circRNAs were pancreatic cancer, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Among these enriched pathways, the MAPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways have been previously reported to be involved in the chemoresistance of PC (19,20). As shown in Fig. 5C, the potential target genes of downregulated circRNAs incuding ATF2, BRAF, DUSP16, MAPK8, NFATC3, RAF1, TAB2, TAOK1 are directly associated with the MAPK signaling pathway.
Prediction for circRNA-miRNA interaction and circRNA-miRNA-target gene network
Given that circRNAs can function as sponges or inhibitors of their interacting miRNAs to regulate gene expression, circRNA-miRNA interaction was predicted with Arraystar homemade miRNA target prediction software based on TargetScan and miRanda. A total of 378 mature miRNAs were predicted to have docking sites in the differentially expressed circRNAs. Therefore, they can interact with the circRNAs. The circRNA-miRNA-target gene interacting network of the top 10 upregulated circRNAs was established (Fig. 6). circRNA_101672 was annotated in detail using the circRNA-miRNA interaction information (Fig. 7).
Discussion
GEM is the most efficient mono-drug therapy for treating PC. Thus, it is recommended as first-line therapeutic option for advanced PC patients. However, acquired GEM resistance contributes to treatment failure in a substantial number of PC patients. Thus, deciphering the mechanisms underlying GEM resistance is essential to overcome the problem. circRNAs were recently identified as novel functional endogenous ncRNAs, which can function as miRNA sponges, thereby interfering with the post-transcriptional actions of miRNAs as suppressors of the target genes (21). Accumulating evidence has indicated that circRNAs are involved in a number of human diseases, particularly in carcinomas, including hepatoma, neuroglioma, bladder carcinoma and breast cancer (22–25). Hence, circRNAs may serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases. However, the changes in the expression of circRNAs and the related functional significance in PC chemoresistance has been rarely reported.
In the present study, we first generated a GEM-resistant PC cell line, SW1990/GZ, by stepwise selection and then analyzed the circRNA expression profiles between the SW1990/GZ and parental SW1990 cells with high-throughput circRNA microarrays to investigate the mechanisms of acquired GEM resistance. We observed that 26 circRNAs were upregulated, and 55 circRNAs were downregulated by >2-fold in the SWl990/GZ cells compared with the SW1990 cells. circRNA_101672, circRNA_004077 and circRNA_003251 were upregulated with top magnitudes. Conversely, circRNA_101543, circRNA_102747 and circRNA_000926 were downregulated with top magnitudes. The expression patterns of the above-mentioned circRNAs were then validated by RT-qPCR, which revealed a high consistency between the RT-qPCR results and microarray data. Although we only used the SW1990 cell line as a cellular model in the present study, we hypothesize that some of the deregulated circRNAs in SW1990/GZ cells compared to SW1990 cells may be important and common contributors in PC-acquired GEM resistance. Our next step will be to confirm the results in other PC cell lines in our future study.
circRNAs are primarily generated from exons or introns of their parental genes and involved in the parental gene expression regulation (26–28). Thus, we investigated the biological functions and potential mechanisms of circRNAs in GEM resistance based on the GO and KEGG pathway analyses. GO enrichment analysis revealed that deregulated circRNAs were involved in the regulation of some crucial biological processes, such as cellular response to stress and cell cycle, which were important during the development of chemoresistance. Markedly, among these enriched pathways, the MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways have been shown to contribute to GEM chemoresistance (29,30). Thus, some circRNAs may be involved in the GEM resistance of PC by regulating the above-mentioned signaling pathways.
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that circRNAs can ‘sponge up’ miRNAs to promote the expression of miRNA target protein-coding genes (31,32). Given the important roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PC, we hypothesized that some circRNAs may contribute to the GEM resistance of PC by interacting with miRNAs. Therefore, in this study, we performed in silico analyses to predict miRNAs targeted by these dysregulated circRNAs. For example, the upregulated circRNA with the largest fold change, circRNA_101672, potentially binds miR-492. A previous study indicated that miR-492 was involved in colon cancer chemoresistance via regulating the expression of CD147 (33). In addition, one of the top downregulated circRNAs, circ_102747, potentially binds miR-21. Hwang et al (34) and Dong et al (35) provided experimental evidence for the role of miR-21 in PC GEM resistance through modulation of apoptosis by directly regulating Bcl-2 and PTEN expression. In order to confirm whether these circRNAs are involved in PC chemoresistance, future studies, which will include the overexpression and knockdown of circRNA, their interaction with their potential targeted miRNAs and their involvement in GEM resistance in clinical PC samples are required.
In conclusion, the present study revealed that circRNAs were dysregulated in the GEM-resistant PC cell line compared with its parental cell line. For these dysregulated circRNAs, we conducted GO enrichment and pathway analyses for their parental genes, which indicated that circRNAs may play important roles in the development of GEM resistance. By predicting the circRNA-miRNA interaction, we found several dysregulated circRNA, i.e., circ_101672 and circ_102747, which can potentially bind some miRNAs involved in cancer chemoresistance. These could be essential molecular mechanisms underlying the function of circRNAs in the chemoresistance of PC. Since our results were only based on an in vitro cell line model, clinical sample and in vivo validation is warranted in the future. On the whole, our findings revealed the potential roles of circRNAs in PC chemoresistance and potential therapeutic targets for circRNAs in PC treatment.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui province (grant no. 1508085SQH224).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
CX conceived and designed the study. CX and FD performed the research. CX wrote the manuscript. CX, YY and FD analyzed the data. All authors have read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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