Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 5 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 5 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers

  • Authors:
    • Xiao‑Mei Li
    • Yu Miao
    • Qin‑Yong Su
    • Jing‑Chun Yao
    • Hong‑Hua Li
    • Gui‑Min Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Linyi, Shandong 276006, P.R. China
  • Pages: 589-594
    |
    Published online on: October 4, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.770
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

In the present study, the gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Fructus Arctii were evaluated and the possible underlying mechanisms of action were elucidated. Arctigenin (high‑performance liquid chromatography purity, >99.0%) was isolated and purified from the seeds of Arctium lappa L. The anti‑ulcerogenic activity of arctigenin against ulcers induced by absolute ethanol and acetic acid was evaluated in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. In addition, the antioxidant activity was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in an ethanol‑induced model and the anti‑inflammatory effects were assessed by measuring five factors in an acetic acid‑induced model. In the ethanol‑induced model, arctigenin inhibited gastric lesions in a dose‑dependent manner, by 53.04, 53.91 and 64.43% at doses of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.45 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, arctigenin reduced MDA (P<0.01) and increased superoxide dismutase (P<0.01) levels in serum when compared with the vehicle group. The lesion index induced by acetic acid was significantly inhibited by all doses of arctigenin (0.05, 0.15 and 0.45 mg/kg; P<0.01) in comparison to the vehicle group and in a dose‑dependent manner. In addition, it was shown that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL‑10 and C‑reactive protein were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the arctigenin group compared with the vehicle group. Thus, the current study indicated that arctigenin exerted anti‑ulcer activity, which may be associated with its reduction in oxidative and inflammatory damage. All the results indicate that arctigenin may be used as an effective therapeutic agent to prevent gastric ulcers.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

de Souza Almeida ES, Filho VC, Niero R, Clasen BK, Balogun SO and de Oliveira Martins DT: Pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract and canthin-6-one of Simaba ferruginea A. St-Hil. in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 134:630–636. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Groenen MJ, Kuipers EJ, Hansen BE and Ouwendijk RJ: Incidence of duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers in a Western population: Back to where it started. Can J Gastroenterol. 23:604–608. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Dong WG, Cheng CS, Liu SP and Yu JP: Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease in Wuhan area of China from 1997 to 2002. World J Gastroenterol. 10:3377–3379. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Li Z, Zou D, Ma X, Chen J, Shi X, Gong Y, Man X, Gao L, Zhao Y, Wang R, et al: Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease: Endoscopic results of the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China. Am J Gastroenterol. 105:2570–2577. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Maity P, Biswas K, Roy S, Banerjee RK and Bandyopadhyay U: Smoking and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer - recent mechanistic update. Mol Cell Biochem. 253:329–338. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

García Rodríguez LA and Hernández-Díaz S: Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer among users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Epidemiol. 159:23–31. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ko JK and Cho CH: Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking: A ‘partner’ for gastric ulceration. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 63:845–854. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Wysocki A, Budzyński P, Kulawik J and Drożdż W: Changes in the localization of perforated peptic ulcer and its relation to gender and age of the patients throughout the last 45 years. World J Surg. 35:811–816. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Bhattacharya S, Banerjee D, Bauri AK, Chattopadhyay S and Bandyopadhyay SK: Healing property of the Piper betel phenol, allylpyrocatechol against indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration and mechanism of action. World J Gastroenterol. 13:3705–3713. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Pakrashi A, Pandit S, Bandyopadhyay SK and Pakrashi SC: Antioxidant effect of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on healing of indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 18:15–21. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zheng XG, Zhang JJ and Huang YC: Study on the effect of weitongning on epidermal growth factor and nitric oxide contents in tissue of stomach of rats with gastric ulcer. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 24:549–551. 2004.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lin PC, Chang CH, Hsu PI, Tseng PL and Huang YB: The efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors vs histamine-2 receptor antagonists for stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis among critical care patients: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 38:1197–1205. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Vasconcelos PC, Andreo MA, Vilegas W, Hiruma-Lima CA and Pellizzon CH: Effect of Mouriri pusa tannins and flavonoids on prevention and treatment against experimental gastric ulcer. J Ethnopharmacol. 131:146–153. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Karakoyun B, Yüksel M, Ercan F, Erzik C and Yeğen BC: Alpha-lipoic acid improves acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer healing in rats. Inflammation. 32:37–46. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Park SY, Hong SS, Han XH, Hwang JS, Lee D, Ro JS and Hwang BY: Lignans from Arctium lappa and their inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 55:150–152. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kamkaen N, Matsuki Y, Ichino C, Kiyohara H and Yamada H: The isolation of the anti-helicobacter pylori compoundsin seeds of Arctium lappa Linn. Thai Pharm Health Sci J. 1:12–18. 2006.

17 

Kang HS, Lee JY and Kim CJ: Anti-inflammatory activity of arctigenin from Forsythiae Fructus. J Ethnopharmacol. 116:305–312. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kou X, Qi S, Dai W, Luo L and Yin Z: Arctigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing JAK-STAT signal pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 11:1095–1102. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zhao F, Wang L and Liu K: In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 122:457–462. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Tsai WJ, Chang CT, Wang GJ, Lee TH, Chang SF, Lu SC and Kuo YC: Arctigenin from Arctium lappa inhibits interleukin-2 and interferon gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes. Chin Med. 6:122011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Awale S, Lu J, Kalauni SK, Kurashima Y, Tezuka Y, Kadota S and Esumi H: Identification of arctigenin as an antitumor agent having the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient starvation. Cancer Res. 66:1751–1757. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Morimoto Y, Shimohara K, Oshima S and Sukamoto T: Effects of the new anti-ulcer agent KB-5492 on experimental gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal defensive factors, as compared to those of teprenone and cimetidine. Jpn J Pharmacol. 57:495–505. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Guth PH, Aures D and Paulsen G: Topical asprin plus HCl gastric lesions in the rats. Cytoprotective effect of prostaglandin, cimetidine, and probanthine. Gastroenterology. 76:88–93. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Okabe S and Amagase K: An overview of acetic acid ulcer models - the history and state of the art of peptic ulcer research. Biol Pharm Bull. 28:1321–1341. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Mutoh H, Hiraishi H, Ota S, Ivey KJ, Terano A and Sugimoto T: Role of oxygen radicals in ethanol-induced damage to cultured gastric mucosal cells. Am J Physiol. 258:G603–G609. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Jung J, Bae KH and Jeong CS: Anti-Helicobacter pylori and antiulcerogenic activities of the root cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa. Biol Pharm Bull. 36:1535–1539. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhang FY, Yang FJ, Yang JL, Wang L and Zhang Y: Renin inhibition improves ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis of lumbar vertebra in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 37:1994–1997. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jainu M and Devi CS: Antiulcerogenic and ulcer healing effects of Solanum nigrum (L.) on experimental ulcer models: Possible mechanism for the inhibition of acid formation. J Ethnopharmacol. 104:156–163. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kwiecień S, Brzozowski T and Konturek SJ: Effects of reactive oxygen species action on gastric mucosa in various models of mucosal injury. J Physiol Pharmacol. 53:39–50. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bradding P, Feather IH, Wilson S, Bardin PG, Heusser CH, Holgate ST and Howarth PH: Immunolocalization of cytokines in the nasal mucosa of normal and perennial rhinitic subjects. The mast cell as a source of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in human allergic mucosal inflammation. J Immunol. 151:3853–3865. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Su SC, Hua KF, Lee H, Chao LK, Tan SK, Lee H, Yang SF and Hsu HY: LTA and LPS mediated activation of protein kinases in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines expression in macrophages. Clin Chim Acta. 374:106–115. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wang HD, Lu DX and Qi RB: Therapeutic strategies targeting the LPS signaling and cytokines. Pathophysiology. 16:291–296. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Beserra AM, Calegari PI, Souza MC, Dos Santos RA, Lima JC, Silva RM, Balogun SO and Martins DT: Gastroprotective and ulcer-healing mechanisms of ellagic acid in experimental rats. J Agric Food Chem. 59:6957–6965. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Martin GR and Wallace JL: Gastrointestinal inflammation: A central component of mucosal defense and repair. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 231:130–137. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Appleyard CB, McCafferty DM, Tigley AW, Swain MG and Wallace JL: Tumor necrosis factor mediation of NSAID-induced gastric damage: Role of leukocyte adherence. Am J Physiol. 270:G42–G48. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Li TT and Liu XH: Clinical value of determination of changes of serum Gas, IL-2, IL-10 and IL-18 levels after transfusion of Red blood cells in patients with peptic ulcer. Journal of Radioimmunology. 24:515–517. 2011.

37 

Zhang Y: Impact of esomeprazole on gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory state of patients with gastric ulcer. Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice. 17:68–70. 2013.

38 

Boehme MW, Autschbach F, Ell C and Raeth U: Prevalence of silent gastric ulcer, erosions or severe acute gastritis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus - a cross-sectional study. Hepatogastroenterology. 54:643–648. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Hyam SR, Lee IA, Gu W, Kim KA, Jeong JJ, Jang SE, Han MJ and Kim DH: Arctigenin ameliorates inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and polarizing M1 macrophages to M2-like macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol. 708:21–29. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li XM, Miao Y, Su QY, Yao JC, Li HH and Zhang GM: Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers. Biomed Rep 5: 589-594, 2016.
APA
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., & Zhang, G. (2016). Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers. Biomedical Reports, 5, 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.770
MLA
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., Zhang, G."Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers". Biomedical Reports 5.5 (2016): 589-594.
Chicago
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., Zhang, G."Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers". Biomedical Reports 5, no. 5 (2016): 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.770
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li XM, Miao Y, Su QY, Yao JC, Li HH and Zhang GM: Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers. Biomed Rep 5: 589-594, 2016.
APA
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., & Zhang, G. (2016). Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers. Biomedical Reports, 5, 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.770
MLA
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., Zhang, G."Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers". Biomedical Reports 5.5 (2016): 589-594.
Chicago
Li, X., Miao, Y., Su, Q., Yao, J., Li, H., Zhang, G."Gastroprotective effects of arctigenin of Arctium lappa L. on a rat model of gastric ulcers". Biomedical Reports 5, no. 5 (2016): 589-594. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2016.770
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team