Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
May-2018 Volume 8 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2018 Volume 8 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors

  • Authors:
    • Kosuke Hamajima
    • Kazunori Hamamura
    • Andy Chen
    • Hiroki Yokota
    • Hironori Mori
    • Shoyoku Yo
    • Hisataka Kondo
    • Kenjiro Tanaka
    • Kyoko Ishizuka
    • Daisuke Kodama
    • Takao Hirai
    • Ken Miyazawa
    • Shigemi Goto
    • Akifumi Togari
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi‑Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464‑8650, Japan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University ‑ Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, ΙΝ 46202, USA, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi‑Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464‑8650, Japan, Laboratory of Medical Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi‑Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464‑8650, Japan, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi‑Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi 464‑8650, Japan
    Copyright: © Hamajima et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 407-416
    |
    Published online on: March 9, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1075
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The sympathetic nervous system is known to regulate osteoclast development. However, the involvement of α2‑adrenergic receptors (α2‑ARs) in osteoclastogenesis is not well understood. In the present study, their potential role in osteoclastogenesis was investigated. Guanabenz, clonidine and xylazine were used as agonists of α2‑ARs, while yohimbine and idazoxan were employed as antagonists. Using RAW264.7 pre‑osteoclast and primary bone marrow cells, the mRNA expression of the osteoclast‑related genes nuclear factor of activated T‑cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), tartrate‑resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K was evaluated following induction with receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). TRAP staining was also conducted to assess effects on osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. Administration of 5‑20 µM guanabenz (P<0.01, for RANKL‑only treatment), 20 µM clonidine (P<0.05, for RANKL‑only treatment) and 20 µM xylazine (P<0.05, for RANKL‑only treatment) attenuated RANKL‑induced upregulation of NFATc1, TRAP and cathepsin K mRNA. Furthermore, the reductions in these mRNAs by 10 µM guanabenz and 20 µM clonidine in the presence of RANKL were attenuated by 20 µM yohimbine or idazoxan (P<0.05). The administration of 5‑20 µM guanabenz (P<0.01, for RANKL‑only treatment) and 10‑20 µM clonidine (P<0.05, for RANKL‑only treatment) also decreased the number of TRAP‑positive multi‑nucleated osteoclasts. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that α2‑ARs may be involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Karsenty G: Convergence between bone and energy homeostases: Leptin regulation of bone mass. Cell Metab. 4:341–348. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Togari A, Arai M and Kondo A: The role of the sympathetic nervous system in controlling bone metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 9:931–940. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Elefteriou F, Campbell P and Ma Y: Control of bone remodeling by the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Calcif Tissue Int. 94:140–151. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Niedermair T, Kuhn V, Doranehgard F, Stange R, Wieskötter B, Beckmann J, Salmen P, Springorum H-R, Straub RH, Zimmer A, et al: Absence of substance P and the sympathetic nervous system impact on bone structure and chondrocyte differentiation in an adult model of endochondral ossification. Matrix Biol. 38:22–35. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Togari A: Adrenergic regulation of bone metabolism: Possible involvement of sympathetic innervation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells. Microsc Res Tech. 58:77–84. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Arai M, Nagasawa T, Koshihara Y, Yamamoto S and Togari A: Effects of beta-adrenergic agonists on bone-resorbing activity in human osteoclast-like cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1640:137–142. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Fonseca TL, Jorgetti V, Costa CC, Capelo LP, Covarrubias AE, Moulatlet AC, Teixeira MB, Hesse E, Morethson P, Beber EH, et al: Double disruption of α2A- and α2C-adrenoceptors results in sympathetic hyperactivity and high-bone-mass phenotype. J Bone Miner Res. 26:591–603. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kodama D and Togari A: Noradrenaline stimulates cell proliferation by suppressing potassium channels via G(i/o) -protein-coupled α(1B) -adrenoceptors in human osteoblasts. Br J Pharmacol. 168:1230–1239. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Tanaka K, Hirai T, Kodama D, Kondo H, Hamamura K and Togari A: α1B-Adrenoceptor signalling regulates bone formation through the up-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ expression in osteoblasts. Br J Pharmacol. 173:1058–1069. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kajimura D, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Kode A, Riley KJ, Zhou B, Guo XE and Karsenty G: Genetic determination of the cellular basis of the sympathetic regulation of bone mass accrual. J Exp Med. 208:841–851. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

McDonald SJ, Dooley PC, McDonald AC, Djouma E, Schuijers JA, Ward AR and Grills BL: α(1) adrenergic receptor agonist, phenylephrine, actively contracts early rat rib fracture callus ex vivo. J Orthop Res. 29:740–745. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kondo H, Takeuchi S and Togari A: β-Adrenergic signaling stimulates osteoclastogenesis via reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 304:E507–E515. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Takeuchi T, Tsuboi T, Arai M and Togari A: Adrenergic stimulation of osteoclastogenesis mediated by expression of osteoclast differentiation factor in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 61:579–586. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Nishiura T and Abe K: α1-adrenergic receptor stimulation induces the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand gene via protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Arch Oral Biol. 52:778–785. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Aitken SJ, Landao-Bassonga E, Ralston SH and Idris AI: Beta2-adrenoreceptor ligands regulate osteoclast differentiation in vitro by direct and indirect mechanisms. Arch Biochem Biophys. 482:96–103. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Hein L, Altman JD and Kobilka BK: Two functionally distinct α2-adrenergic receptors regulate sympathetic neurotransmission. Nature. 402:181–184. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

MacMillan LB, Hein L, Smith MS, Piascik MT and Limbird LE: Central hypotensive effects of the alpha2a-adrenergic receptor subtype. Science. 273:801–803. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lakhlani PP, MacMillan LB, Guo TZ, McCool BA, Lovinger DM, Maze M and Limbird LE: Substitution of a mutant α2a-adrenergic receptor via ‘hit and run’ gene targeting reveals the role of this subtype in sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic-sparing responses in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:9950–9955. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Fagerholm V, Haaparanta M and Scheinin M: α2-adrenoceptor regulation of blood glucose homeostasis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 108:365–370. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Albarrán-Juárez J, Gilsbach R, Piekorz RP, Pexa K, Beetz N, Schneider J, Nürnberg B, Birnbaumer L and Hein L: Modulation of α2-adrenoceptor functions by heterotrimeric Galphai protein isoforms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 331:35–44. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Storch U, Straub J, Erdogmus S, Gudermann T, Mederos Y and Schnitzler M: Dynamic monitoring of Gi/o-protein-mediated decreases of intracellular cAMP by FRET-based Epac sensors. Pflugers Arch. 469:725–737. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hamamura K, Chen A, Nishimura A, Tanjung N, Sudo A and Yokota H: Predicting and validating the pathway of Wnt3a-driven suppression of osteoclastogenesis. Cell Signal. 26:2358–2369. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Hamamura K, Tanjung N and Yokota H: Suppression of osteoclastogenesis through phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha. J Bone Miner Metab. 31:618–628. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Hamamura K, Chen A, Tanjung N, Takigawa S, Sudo A and Yokota H: In vitro and in silico analysis of an inhibitory mechanism of osteoclastogenesis by salubrinal and guanabenz. Cell Signal. 27:353–362. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hamamura K, Tanjung N, Chen A, Yokota H and Togari A: Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via upregulation of Zfyve21 and Ddit4 by salubrinal and guanabenz. Oral Therap Pharmacol. 35:127–135. 2016.

27 

Wade SM, Lan K, Moore DJ and Neubig RR: Inverse agonist activity at the alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor. Mol Pharmacol. 59:532–542. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Strange PG: Mechanisms of inverse agonism at G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23:89–95. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Milligan G: Constitutive activity and inverse agonists of G protein-coupled receptors: A current perspective. Mol Pharmacol. 64:1271–1276. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Soudijn W, van Wijngaarden I and Ijzerman AP: Structure-activity relationships of inverse agonists for G-protein-coupled receptors. Med Res Rev. 25:398–426. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Cotecchia S: Constitutive activity and inverse agonism at the α1adrenoceptors. Biochem Pharmacol. 73:1076–1083. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

He W, Wilder T and Cronstein BN: Rolofylline, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, inhibits osteoclast differentiation as an inverse agonist. Br J Pharmacol. 170:1167–1176. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Mediero A, Perez-Aso and Cronstein BN: Activation of EPAC1/2 is essential for osteoclast formation by modulating NFκB nuclear translocation and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. FASEB J. 28:4901–4913. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

de Rooij J, Zwartkruis FJ, Verheijen MH, Cool RH, Nijman SM, Wittinghofer A and Bos JL: Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature. 396:474–477. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ferrero JJ, Alvarez AM, Ramírez-Franco J, Godino MC, Bartolomé-Martín D, Aguado C, Torres M, Luján R, Ciruela F and Sánchez-Prieto J: β-Adrenergic receptors activate exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), translocate Munc13-1, and enhance the Rab3A-RIM1α interaction to potentiate glutamate release at cerebrocortical nerve terminals. J Biol Chem. 288:31370–31385. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Aerts I, Grobben B, Van Ostade X and Slegers H: Cyclic AMP-dependent down regulation of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) in rat C6 glioma. Eur J Pharmacol. 654:1–9. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Inda C, Bonfiglio JJ, Dos Santos Claro PA, Senin SA, Armando NG, Deussing JM and Silberstein S: cAMP-dependent cell differentiation triggered by activated CRHR1 in hippocampal neuronal cells. Sci Rep. 7:19442017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

El-Mas MM and Abdel-Rahman AA: Clonidine diminishes c-jun gene expression in the cardiovascular sensitive areas of the rat brainstem. Brain Res. 856:245–249. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Limonard EJ, Schoenmaker T, de Vries TJ, Tanck MW, Heijboer AC, Endert E, Fliers E, Everts V and Bisschop PH: Clonidine increases bone resorption in humans. Osteoporos Int. 27:1063–1071. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hamajima K, Hamamura K, Chen A, Yokota H, Mori H, Yo S, Kondo H, Tanaka K, Ishizuka K, Kodama D, Kodama D, et al: Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors. Biomed Rep 8: 407-416, 2018.
APA
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S. ... Togari, A. (2018). Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors. Biomedical Reports, 8, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1075
MLA
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S., Kondo, H., Tanaka, K., Ishizuka, K., Kodama, D., Hirai, T., Miyazawa, K., Goto, S., Togari, A."Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors". Biomedical Reports 8.5 (2018): 407-416.
Chicago
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S., Kondo, H., Tanaka, K., Ishizuka, K., Kodama, D., Hirai, T., Miyazawa, K., Goto, S., Togari, A."Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors". Biomedical Reports 8, no. 5 (2018): 407-416. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1075
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hamajima K, Hamamura K, Chen A, Yokota H, Mori H, Yo S, Kondo H, Tanaka K, Ishizuka K, Kodama D, Kodama D, et al: Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors. Biomed Rep 8: 407-416, 2018.
APA
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S. ... Togari, A. (2018). Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors. Biomedical Reports, 8, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1075
MLA
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S., Kondo, H., Tanaka, K., Ishizuka, K., Kodama, D., Hirai, T., Miyazawa, K., Goto, S., Togari, A."Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors". Biomedical Reports 8.5 (2018): 407-416.
Chicago
Hamajima, K., Hamamura, K., Chen, A., Yokota, H., Mori, H., Yo, S., Kondo, H., Tanaka, K., Ishizuka, K., Kodama, D., Hirai, T., Miyazawa, K., Goto, S., Togari, A."Suppression of osteoclastogenesis via α2‑adrenergic receptors". Biomedical Reports 8, no. 5 (2018): 407-416. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2018.1075
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team