Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 13 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 13 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Shizhou Wu
    • Kaifeng Lin
    • Yunjie Liu
    • Hui Zhang
    • Lei Lei
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 5
    |
    Published online on: June 9, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1312
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

As the issues surrounding antibiotic‑resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are becoming increasingly serious concerns, it is imperative to investigate new therapeutic targets to successfully treat patients with S. aureus infections. The two‑component signal transduction system is one of the primary pathways by which bacteria adapt to the external environment, and it serves an important role in regulating virulence gene expression, cell wall synthesis, biofilm formation and bacterial activity. There are 17 two‑component signaling pathways in S. aureus, among which WalKR/VicSR/YycGF, AirSR/YhcSR, vancomycin resistance associated regulator/sensor and LytRS have been demonstrated to serve vital roles in regulating bacterial resistance, and are hypothesized to be potential targets for the treatment of S. aureus infections. The present review assesses the mechanism of the two‑component signaling pathways associated with the development of S. aureus resistance.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Ono D, Yamaguchi T, Hamada M, Sonoda S, Sato A, Aoki K, Kajiwara C, Kimura S, Fujisaki M, Tojo H, et al: Analysis of synergy between beta-lactams and anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agents from the standpoint of strain characteristics and binding action. J Infect Chemother. 25:273–280. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Chuang YY and Huang YC: Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asia. Lancet Infect Dis. 13:698–708. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Mattos-Graner RO and Duncan MJ: Two-component signal transduction systems in oral bacteria. J Oral Microbiol. 9(1400858)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Goulian M: Two-component signaling circuit structure and properties. Curr Opin Microbiol. 13:184–189. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Tierney AR and Rather PN: Roles of two-component regulatory systems in antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 14:533–552. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Cheng RR, Morcos F, Levine H and Onuchic JN: Toward rationally redesigning bacterial two-component signaling systems using coevolutionary information. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:E563–E571. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Kuroda M, Ohta T, Uchiyama I, Baba T, Yuzawa H, Kobayashi I, Cui L, Oguchi A, Aoki K, Nagai Y, et al: Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 357:1225–1240. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Matsuo M, Kato F, Oogai Y, Kawai T, Sugai M and Komatsuzawa H: Distinct two-component systems in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus can change the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 65:1536–1537. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Xu T, Wu Y, Lin Z, Bertram R, Götz F, Zhang Y and Qu D: Identification of Genes controlled by the essential YycFG Two-component system reveals a role for biofilm modulation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Front Microbiol. 8(724)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Villanueva M, García B, Valle J, Rapún B, Ruiz de Los Mozos I, Solano C, Martí M, Penadés JR, Toledo-Arana A and Lasa I: Sensory deprivation in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun. 9(523)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Howden BP, McEvoy CR, Allen DL, Chua K, Gao W, Harrison PF, Bell J, Coombs G, Bennett-Wood V, Porter JL, et al: Evolution of multidrug resistance during Staphylococcus aureus infection involves mutation of the essential two component regulator WalKR. PLoS Pathog. 7(e1002359)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Kim T, Choi J, Lee S, Yeo KJ, Cheong HK and Kim KK: Structural studies on the extracellular domain of sensor Histidine Kinase YycG from Staphylococcus aureus and its functional implications. J Mol Biol. 428:3074–3089. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Peng H, Rao Y, Yuan W, Zheng Y, Shang W, Hu Z, Yang Y, Tan L, Xiong K, Li S, et al: Reconstruction of the vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus phenotype from a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus XN108. Front Microbiol. 9(2955)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Jansen A, Türck M, Szekat C, Nagel M, Clever I and Bierbaum G: Role of insertion elements and yycFG in the development of decreased susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol. 297:205–215. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Bourret RB: Receiver domain structure and function in response regulator proteins. Curr Opin Microbiol. 13:142–149. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Cameron DR, Jiang JH, Kostoulias X, Foxwell DJ and Peleg AY: Vancomycin susceptibility in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by YycHI activation of the WalRK essential two-component regulatory system. Sci Rep. 6(30823)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Sun H, Yang Y, Xue T and Sun B: Modulation of cell wall synthesis and susceptibility to vancomycin by the two-component system AirSR in Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325. BMC Microbiol. 13(286)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Yan M, Hall JW, Yang J and Ji Y: The essential yhcSR two-component signal transduction system directly regulates the lac and opuCABCD operons of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One. 7(e50608)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Yan M, Yu C, Yang J and Ji Y: The essential two-component system YhcSR is involved in regulation of the nitrate respiratory pathway of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 193:1799–1805. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Yan M, Hall JW, Yang J and Ji Y: The essential yhcSR Two-component signal transduction system directly regulates the lac and opuCABCD operons of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One. 7(e50608)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Tajbakhsh G and Golemi-Kotra D: The dimerization interface in VraR is essential for induction of the cell wall stress response in Staphylococcus aureus: A potential druggable target. BMC Microbiol. 19(153)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hanaki H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS, Labischinski H and Hiramatsu K: Activated cell-wall synthesis is associated with vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains Mu3 and Mu50. J Antimicrob Chemother. 42:199–209. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Chen H, Xiong Z, Liu K, Li S, Wang R, Wang X, Zhang Y and Wang H: Transcriptional profiling of the two-component regulatory system VraSR in Staphylococcus aureus with low-level vancomycin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 47:362–367. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Kuroda M, Kuwaharaarai K and Hiramatsu K: Identification of the up- and down-regulated genes in vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Mu3 and Mu50 by cDNA differential hybridization method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 269:485–490. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Omardien S, Brul S and Zaat SA: Antimicrobial activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides against gram-positives: Current progress made in understanding the mode of action and the response of bacteria. Front Cell Dev Biol. 4(111)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Patel K and Golemi-Kotra D: Signaling mechanism by the Staphylococcus aureus two-component system LytSR: Role of acetyl phosphate in bypassing the cell membrane electrical potential sensor LytS. Version 2. F1000Res. 4(79)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Sadykov MR and Bayles KW: The control of death and lysis in staphylococcal biofilms: A coordination of physiological signals. Curr Opin Microbiol. 15:211–215. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Mann EE, Rice KC, Boles BR, Endres JL, Ranjit D, Chandramohan L, Tsang LH, Smeltzer MS, Horswill AR and Bayles KW: Modulation of eDNA release and degradation affects Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation. PLoS One. 4(e5822)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

McCarthy H, Rudkin JK, Black NS, Gallagher L, O'Neill E and O'Gara JP: Methicillin resistance and the biofilm phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 5(1)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Kobayashi K, Ogura M, Yamaguchi H, Yoshida K, Ogasawara N, Tanaka T and Fujita Y: Comprehensive DNA microarray analysis of Bacillus subtilis two-component regulatory systems. J Bacteriol. 183:7365–7370. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Crowe-McAuliffe C, Graf M, Huter P, Takada H, Abdelshahid M, Nováček J, Murina V, Atkinson GC, Hauryliuk V and Wilson DN: Structural basis for antibiotic resistance mediated by the Bacillus subtilis ABCF ATPase VmlR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 115:8978–8983. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Liao F, Mo Z, Gu W, Xu W, Fu X and Zhang Y: A comparative genomic analysis between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains of hospital acquired and community infections in Yunnan province of China. BMC Infect Dis. 20(137)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Gardete S and Tomasz A: Mechanisms of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest. 124:2836–2840. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Zeng D, Debabov D, Hartsell TL, Cano RJ, Adams S, Schuyler JA, McMillan R and Pace JL: Approved Glycopeptide antibacterial drugs: Mechanism of action and resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 6(a026989)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Chaili S, Cheung AL, Bayer AS, Xiong YQ, Waring AJ, Memmi G, Donegan N, Yang SJ and Yeaman MR: The GraS Sensor in Staphylococcus aureus mediates resistance to host defense peptides differing in mechanisms of action. Infect Immun. 84:459–466. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Mechler L, Bonetti EJ, Reichert S, Flötenmeyer M, Schrenzel J, Bertram R, François P and Götz F: Daptomycin tolerance in the Staphylococcus aureus pitA6 mutant is due to Upregulation of the dlt operon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60:2684–2691. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Kanesaka I, Fujisaki S, Aiba Y, Watanabe S, Mikawa T, Katsuse AK, Takahashi H, Cui L and Kobayashi I: Characterization of compensatory mutations associated with restoration of daptomycin-susceptibility in daptomycin non-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the role mprF mutations. J Infect Chemother. 25:1–5. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Kawada-Matsuo M, Yoshida Y, Nakamura N and Komatsuzawa H: Role of two-component systems in the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibacterial agents. Virulence. 2:427–430. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Yang Y, Luo M, Zhou H, Li C, Luk A, Zhao G, Fung K and Ip M: Role of Two-component system response regulator bceR in the antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm formation, and stress response of group B streptococcus. Front Microbiol. 10(10)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Hyde AJ, Parisot J, McNichol A and Bonev BB: Nisin-induced changes in Bacillus morphology suggest a paradigm of antibiotic action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:19896–19901. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Islam MR, Nishie M, Nagao J, Zendo T, Keller S, Nakayama J, Kohda D, Sahl HG and Sonomoto K: Ring A of nukacin ISK-1: A lipid II-binding motif for type-A(II) lantibiotic. J Am Chem Soc. 134:3687–3690. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Kawada-Matsuo M, Yoshida Y, Zendo T, Nagao J, Oogai Y, Nakamura Y, Sonomoto K, Nakamura N and Komatsuzawa H: Three distinct two-component systems are involved in resistance to the class I bacteriocins, Nukacin ISK-1 and nisin A, in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One. 8(e69455)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Park JY, Kim JW, Moon BY, Lee J, Fortin YJ, Austin FW, Yang SJ and Seo KS: Characterization of a novel two-component regulatory system, HptRS, the regulator for the hexose phosphate transport system in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun. 83(1620)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Postma PW, Lengeler JW and Jacobson GR: Phosphoenolpyruvate: Carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria. Microbiol Rev. 57:232–269. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Fraunholz M and Sinha B: Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: Live-in and let die. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2(43)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Trinh TD, Smith JR and Rybak MJ: Parenteral Fosfomycin for the treatment of multidrug resistant bacterial infections: The rise of the epoxide. Pharmacotherapy. 39:1077–1094. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Hrast M, Rožman K, Jukič M, Patin D, Gobec S and Sova M: Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of novel quinazolinone-based inhibitors of MurA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 27:3529–3533. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu S, Lin K, Liu Y, Zhang H and Lei L: Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review). Biomed Rep 13: 5, 2020.
APA
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., & Lei, L. (2020). Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review). Biomedical Reports, 13, 5. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1312
MLA
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lei, L."Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review)". Biomedical Reports 13.2 (2020): 5.
Chicago
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lei, L."Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review)". Biomedical Reports 13, no. 2 (2020): 5. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1312
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu S, Lin K, Liu Y, Zhang H and Lei L: Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review). Biomed Rep 13: 5, 2020.
APA
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., & Lei, L. (2020). Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review). Biomedical Reports, 13, 5. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1312
MLA
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lei, L."Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review)". Biomedical Reports 13.2 (2020): 5.
Chicago
Wu, S., Lin, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Lei, L."Two‑component signaling pathways modulate drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus (Review)". Biomedical Reports 13, no. 2 (2020): 5. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2020.1312
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team