Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jalil Daher
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli PO Box 100, Lebanon
    Copyright: © Daher et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 102
    |
    Published online on: October 7, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1478
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

It is hypothesized that several comorbidities increase the severity of COVID‑19 symptoms. Cardiovascular disease including hypertension was shown to play a critical role in the severity of COVID‑19 infection by affecting the survival of patients with COVID‑19. Hypertension and the renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system are involved in increasing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction (ED), and both processes are instrumental in COVID‑19. Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 is an essential component of the renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system and the target receptor that mediates SARS‑CoV‑2 entry to the cell. This led to speculations that major renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system inhibitors, such as angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors might affect the course of the disease, since their administration enhances angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE)2 expression. An increase in ACE2 activity could reduce angiotensin II concentration in the lungs and mitigate virus‑driven lung injury. This could also be associated with a reduction in blood coagulation, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS‑CoV‑2; of note, COVID‑19 is now regarded as a disorder of blood clotting. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the effect of targeting ACE2 as a potential treatment for SARS‑CoV‑2 driven injury, and in alleviating COVID‑19 symptoms by reversing SARS‑CoV‑2‑induced excessive coagulation and fatalities. Ongoing therapeutic strategies that include recombinant human ACE2 and anti‑spike monoclonal antibodies are essential for future clinical practice in order to better understand the effect of targeting ED in COVID‑19.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

South AM, Brady TM and Flynn JT: ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), COVID-19, and ACE inhibitor and Ang II (angiotensin II) receptor blocker use during the pandemic: The pediatric perspective. Hypertension. 76:16–22. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Pacurari M, Kafoury R, Tchounwou PB and Ndebele K: The Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system in vascular inflammation and remodeling. Int J Inflamm. 2014(689360)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Ferrario CM and Strawn WB: Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 98:121–128. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Daher J: Other forms of oxidized LDL: Emerging functions. World Acad Sci J. 2:1. 2020.

5 

Álvarez A, Cerdá-Nicolás M, Naim Abu Nabah Y, Mata M, Issekutz AC, Panés J, Lobb RR and Sanz MJ: Direct evidence of leukocyte adhesion in arterioles by angiotensin II. Blood. 104:402–408. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kranzhöfer R, Schmidt J, Pfeiffer CA, Hagl S, Libby P and Kübler W: Angiotensin induces inflammatory activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 19:1623–1629. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Hahn AW, Jonas U, Bühler FR and Resink TJ: Activation of human peripheral monocytes by angiotensin II. FEBS Lett. 347:178–180. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Tummala PE, Chen X-L, Sundell CL, Laursen JB, Hammes CP, Alexander RW, Harrison DG and Medford RM: Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature: A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 100:1223–1229. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Münzel T, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Griendling KK and Harrison DG: Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest. 97:1916–1923. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Wassmann S and Nickenig G: Pathophysiological regulation of the AT1-receptor and implications for vascular disease. J Hypertens Suppl. 24 (Suppl 1):S15–S21. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Judkins CP, Diep H, Broughton BRS, Mast AE, Hooker EU, Miller AA, Selemidis S, Dusting GJ, Sobey CG and Drummond GR: Direct evidence of a role for Nox2 in superoxide production, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, and early atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 298:H24–H32. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Förstermann U and Münzel T: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease: From marvel to menace. Circulation. 113:1708–1714. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Ferrari R: RAAS inhibition and mortality in hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract. 2013:269–278. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Mansur SJ, Hage FG and Oparil S: Have the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system perturbations in cardiovascular disease been exhausted? Curr Cardiol Rep. 12:450–463. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S and Sparks MA: Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Nephrol. 16:305–307. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Fang L, Karakiulakis G and Roth M: Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 8(e21)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, Averill DB, Brosnihan KB, Tallant EA, Diz DI and Gallagher PE: Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 111:2605–2610. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Bean D, Kraljevic Z, Searle T, Bendayan R, Pickles A, Folarin A, Roguski L, Noor K, Shek A, O'Gallagher K, et al: Treatment with ACE-inhibitors is associated with less severe disease with SARS-Covid-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute Hospital Trust. medRxiv: Apr 11, 2020 (Epub ahead of print). doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056788.

19 

Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA and Solomon SD: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 382:1653–1659. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q, Twerenbold R, Haaf P, Widmer AF and Osswald S: SARS-CoV2: Should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 41:1801–1803. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Simões E, Silva AC and Flynn JT: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in 2011: Role in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 27:1835–1845. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

South AM, Shaltout HA, Washburn LK, Hendricks AS, Diz DI and Chappell MC: Fetal programming and the angiotensin-(1-7) axis: A review of the experimental and clinical data. Clin Sci (Lond). 133:55–74. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Masi S, Uliana M and Virdis A: Angiotensin II and vascular damage in hypertension: Role of oxidative stress and sympathetic activation. Vascul Pharmacol. 115:13–17. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS and Li F: Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J Virol. 94:e00127–e20. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, et al: SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 181:271–280.e8. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gu H, Xie Z, Li T, Zhang S, Lai C, Zhu P, Wang K, Han L, Duan Y, Zhao Z, et al: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits lung injury induced by respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep. 6(19840)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Li X, Molina-Molina M, Abdul-Hafez A, Uhal V, Xaubet A and Uhal BD: Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 is protective but downregulated in human and experimental lung fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295:L178–L185. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J, Wang Z, Li J, Li J, Feng C, et al: Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci. 63:364–374. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, Liu PP, Poutanen SM, Penninger JM and Butany J: SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 39:618–625. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Lopes RD, Macedo AVS, de Barros E Silva PG, Moll-Bernardes RJ, Dos Santos TM, Mazza L, Feldman A, D'Andréa Saba Arruda G, de Albuquerque DC, Camiletti AS, et al: BRACE CORONA investigators: Effect of discontinuing vs. continuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin ii receptor blockers on days alive and out of the hospital in patients admitted with COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 325:254–264. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Hippisley-Cox J, Young D, Coupland C, Channon KM, Tan PS, Harrison DA, Rowan K, Aveyard P, Pavord ID and Watkinson PJ: Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: Cohort study including 8.3 million people. Heart. 106:1503–1511. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Simko F and Baka T: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers: Potential allies in the COVID-19 pandemic instead of a threat? Clin Sci (Lond). 135:1009–1014. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Janardhan V, Janardhan V and Kalousek V: COVID-19 as a blood clotting disorder masquerading as a respiratory illness: a cerebrovascular perspective and therapeutic implications for stroke thrombectomy. J Neuroimaging. 30:555–561. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Zhang Y, Xiao M, Zhang S, Xia P, Cao W, Jiang W, Chen H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhang H, et al: Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 382(e38)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, Kellner CP, Shoirah H, Singh IP, De Leacy RA, Shigematsu T, Ladner TR, Yaeger KA, et al: Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of COVID-19 in the young. N Engl J Med. 382(e60)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F and Moch H: Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 395:1417–1418. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Hess DC, Eldahshan W and Rutkowski E: COVID-19-related stroke. Transl Stroke Res. 11:322–325. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Garrido AM and Griendling KK: NADPH oxidases and angiotensin II receptor signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 302:148–158. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

El-Assaad F, Krilis SA and Giannakopoulos B: Posttranslational forms of beta 2-glycoprotein I in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb J. 14 (Suppl 1)(20)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Ho YC, Ahuja KDK, Körner H and Adams MJ: β2GP1, anti-β2GP1 antibodies and platelets: Key players in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Antibodies (Basel). 5(E12)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Han H, Yang L, Liu R, Liu F, Wu KL, Li J, Liu XH and Zhu CL: Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 58:1116–1120. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Wang J, Saguner AM, An J, Ning Y, Yan Y and Li G: Dysfunctional coagulation in COVID-19: From cell to bedside. Adv Ther. 37:3033–3039. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Gong J, Dong H, Xia SQ, Huang ZY, Wang DK, Zhao Y, Liu WH, Tu SH, Zhang MM, Wang Q, et al: Correlation analysis between disease severity and inflammation-related parameters in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 20(963)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Lipinski S, Bremer L, Lammers T, Thieme F, Schreiber S and Rosenstiel P: Coagulation and inflammation. Molecular insights and diagnostic implications. Hamostaseologie. 31:94–102, 104. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Lupi L, Adamo M, Inciardi RM and Metra M: ACE2 down-regulation may contribute to the increased thrombotic risk in COVID-19. Eur Heart J. 41(3200)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Mehrabadi ME, Hemmati R, Tashakor A, Homaei A, Yousefzadeh M, Hemati K and Hosseinkhani S: Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity. Biomed Pharmacother. 137(111363)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Fraga-Silva RA, Sorg BS, Wankhede M, Dedeugd C, Jun JY, Baker MB, Li Y, Castellano RK, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK, et al: ACE2 activation promotes antithrombotic activity. Mol Med. 16:210–215. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang L, Li H, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhao X, Xie Y, Yang Y, et al: SARS-CoV-2 binds platelet ACE2 to enhance thrombosis in COVID-19. J Hematol Oncol. 13(120)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Deng H, Tang TX, Chen D, Tang LS, Yang XP and Tang ZH: Endothelial dysfunction and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Association and therapeutic strategies. Pathogens. 10(582)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Libby P and Lüscher T: COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 41:3038–3044. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Batlle D, Wysocki J and Satchell K: Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: A potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci (Lond). 134:543–545. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Jahanshahlu L and Rezaei N: Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 129(110337)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Fodor A, Tiperciuc B, Login C, Orasan OH, Lazar AL, Buchman C, Hanghicel P, Sitar-Taut A, Suharoschi R, Vulturar R, et al: Endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress in COVID-19-mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021(8671713)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W and Duan G: Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: From basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5(293)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Shahin Y, Khan JA, Samuel N and Chetter I: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors effect on endothelial dysfunction: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 216:7–16. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, Troxel AB, Iturrate E, Johnson SB, Hausvater A, Newman JD, Berger JS, Bangalore S, et al: Renin-angiotensin-Aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of covid-19. N Engl J Med. 382:2441–2448. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Fosbøl EL, Butt JH, Østergaard L, Andersson C, Selmer C, Kragholm K, Schou M, Phelps M, Gislason GH, Gerds TA, et al: Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use with COVID-19 diagnosis and mortality. JAMA. 324:168–177. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Flacco ME, Acuti Martellucci C, Bravi F, Parruti G, Cappadona R, Mascitelli A, Manfredini R, Mantovani LG and Manzoli L: Treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs and risk of severe/lethal COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Heart. 106:1519–1524. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

De Spiegeleer A, Bronselaer A, Teo JT, Byttebier G, De Tré G, Belmans L, Dobson R, Wynendaele E, Van De Wiele C, Vandaele F, et al: The effects of ARBs, ACEis, and statins on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection among nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 21:909–914.e2. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Reriani MK, Dunlay SM, Gupta B, West CP, Rihal CS, Lerman LO and Lerman A: Effects of statins on coronary and peripheral endothelial function in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 18:704–716. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Nägele MP, Haubner B, Tanner FC, Ruschitzka F and Flammer AJ: Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: Current findings and therapeutic implications. Atherosclerosis. 314:58–62. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Ayerbe L, Risco C and Ayis S: The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 50:298–301. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Du C, et al: Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 180:934–943. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, et al: RECOVERY Collaborative Group: Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 384:693–704. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Daher J: Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review). Biomed Rep 15: 102, 2021.
APA
Daher, J. (2021). Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review). Biomedical Reports, 15, 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1478
MLA
Daher, J."Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15.6 (2021): 102.
Chicago
Daher, J."Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15, no. 6 (2021): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1478
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Daher J: Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review). Biomed Rep 15: 102, 2021.
APA
Daher, J. (2021). Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review). Biomedical Reports, 15, 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1478
MLA
Daher, J."Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15.6 (2021): 102.
Chicago
Daher, J."Endothelial dysfunction and COVID‑19 (Review)". Biomedical Reports 15, no. 6 (2021): 102. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2021.1478
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team