Ameliorative effects of 6‑gingerol in cerebral ischemia are mediated via the activation of antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory pathways

Kongsui,Ratchaniporn; Jittiwat,Jinatta

doi:10.3892/br.2023.1608

Ameliorative effects of 6‑gingerol in cerebral ischemia are mediated via the activation of antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory pathways

Authors:
- Ratchaniporn Kongsui
- Jinatta Jittiwat
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Affiliations: Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
Published online on: February 15, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2023.1608
Article Number: 26
Copyright: © Kongsui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Focal ischemia occurs when an embolus or thrombus occludes an artery, causing the rapid obstruction of cerebral blood flow. Although stroke represents a main cause of disability and mortality in developing countries, therapeutic approaches available for this condition remain very limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of the phytochemical, 6‑gingerol, on the brain infarct volume, neuronal loss and on the oxidative stress parameters, cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) and interleukin (IL)‑6, in an animal model of focal ischemic stroke. Male Wistar rats, weighing 250‑300 g, were divided into the following six groups: i) The control; ii) right middle cerebral artery occlusion (Rt.MCAO) + vehicle; iii) Rt.MCAO + piracetam; iv) Rt.MCAO + 6‑gingerol (6‑Gin) at 5 mg/kg body weight (BW); v) Rt.MCAO + 6‑Gin at 10 mg/kg BW; and vi) the Rt.MCAO + 6‑Gin at 20 mg/kg BW group. The rats in each group received the vehicle or piracetam or 6‑gingerol intraperitoneally for 7 days following Rt.MCAO. The brain infarct volume, neuronal loss and alterations in antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory levels were assessed in the cortex and hippocampus. The results revealed that the brain infarct volume, malondialdehyde level and the density ratio of COX‑2 and IL‑6 to β‑actin were significantly decreased following treatment with 6‑gingerol. In addition, neuronal density and superoxide dismutase activity in the cortex and hippocampus were increased. On the whole, the findings of the present study suggest that 6‑gingerol exerts antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects in vivo, which effectively ameliorate the brain damage induced by focal cerebral ischemic stroke.

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