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Syzygium samarangense fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation

  • Authors:
    • Kanchana Suksri
    • Nipaporn Muangchan
    • Bancha Yingngam
    • Phiraphat Kaewkanlaya
    • Jirapinya Onthamma
    • Yanisa Bootmart
    • Chanyanut Pusinam
    • Nanfah Chaipipattanamongkol
    • Ketmanee Sridakhot
    • Supavadee Sripukdee
    • Julaluk Kaokaew
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Mueang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warin Chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
    Copyright: © Suksri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 163
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    Published online on: August 5, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2041
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Abstract

The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic disorder, is on the rise, with persistent hyperglycemia contributing to vascular complications. The present study aimed to assess the preventive effects of Syzygium samarangense fruit extract (SSE) on pancreatic β cell dysfunction and associated metabolic disturbances in a diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic through a high‑fat diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin and subsequently divided into four groups: Normal control, diabetic control, diabetic treated with SSE (400 mg/kg) and diabetic treated with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), a sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue used as a positive control. Treatments were administered orally for 4 weeks. Biochemical assessments included evaluation of fasting blood glucose, insulin concentrations in both serum and pancreatic tissue, oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of key antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of the pro‑inflammatory cytokine TNF‑α, the hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and liver function enzymes. Administration of SSE resulted in a moderate decrease in blood glucose and a significant increase in insulin levels in both serum and pancreatic tissue. SSE enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, while significantly decreasing MDA levels, indicating mitigated oxidative stress. A notable decrease in TNF‑α was also observed, supporting the anti‑inflammatory potential. Furthermore, suppression of PEPCK expression and improved liver enzyme profiles were noted, demonstrating inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and hepatoprotection. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that SSE contributes to improved glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats, primarily by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and hepatic dysfunction. These findings support its potential application as a complementary therapy in T2DM.
View Figures

Figure 1

Experimental protocol. STZ,
streptozotocin; DM, diabetes mellitus; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD,
superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; H&E, hematoxylin and
eosin; BW, body weight; SSE, Syzygium samarangense extract;
FBG, fasting blood glucose; i.p., intraperitoneal.

Figure 2

Insulin levels. (A) Serum and (B)
pancreatic insulin levels following 28 days of treatment with SSE
or GB. n=5. *P#x003C;0.05, **P#x003C;0.01.
SSE, Syzygium samarangense extract; GB, glibenclamide; DM,
diabetes mellitus.

Figure 3

MDA levels after 28 days of treatment
with SSE or GB. n=5. *P#x003C;0.05,
**P#x003C;0.01. MDA, malondialdehyde; SSE, Syzygium
samarangense extract; GB, glibenclamide; DM, diabetes
mellitus.

Figure 4

Antioxidant enzyme activity. (A) CAT
and (B) SOD activity after 28 days of treatment with SSE or GB.
n=5. *P#x003C;0.05, **P#x003C;0.01. CAT,
catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SSE, Syzygium
samarangense extract; GB, glibenclamide; DM, diabetes
mellitus.

Figure 5

Pancreatic TNF-a levels after 28 days
of treatment with SSE or GB. *P#x003C;0.05,
***P#x003C;0.001. SSE, Syzygium samarangense
extract; GB, glibenclamide; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 6

Protein expression of PEPCK was
determined via western blot analysis. (A) Intensity of the PEPCK
protein band was compared to that of the β-actin protein band,
which served as a loading control. (B) Mean protein expression
levels of PEPCK (n=3). *P#x003C;0.05. PEPCK,
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; SSE, Syzygium
samarangense extract; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 7

Histopathological changes in the
pancreatic islets. (A) Pancreatic tissue was stained with
hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope
(magnification, x200; scale bar, 100 µm). (a) Normal control; (b)
diabetic rats; (c) diabetic rats treated with SSE at a dose of 400
mg/kg and (d) diabetic rats treated with GB. Arrow indicates a
pancreatic islet. (B) Quantitative analysis of pancreatic islet
area. n=3. *P#x003C;0.05. NS, not significant; SSE,
Syzygium samarangense extract; GB, glibenclamide; DM,
diabetes mellitus.

Figure 8

Serum liver enzyme levels. (A) ALT,
(B) ALP and (C) AST levels. n=5. *P#x003C;0.05,
**P#x003C;0.01, ***P#x003C;0.001. ALT,
alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; AST, aspartate
aminotransferase; DM, diabetes mellitus; SSE, Syzygium
samarangense extract; GB, glibenclamide.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Suksri K, Muangchan N, Yingngam B, Kaewkanlaya P, Onthamma J, Bootmart Y, Pusinam C, Chaipipattanamongkol N, Sridakhot K, Sripukdee S, Sripukdee S, et al: <em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomed Rep 23: 163, 2025.
APA
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y. ... Kaokaew, J. (2025). <em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical Reports, 23, 163. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2041
MLA
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y., Pusinam, C., Chaipipattanamongkol, N., Sridakhot, K., Sripukdee, S., Kaokaew, J."<em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation". Biomedical Reports 23.4 (2025): 163.
Chicago
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y., Pusinam, C., Chaipipattanamongkol, N., Sridakhot, K., Sripukdee, S., Kaokaew, J."<em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 4 (2025): 163. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2041
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Suksri K, Muangchan N, Yingngam B, Kaewkanlaya P, Onthamma J, Bootmart Y, Pusinam C, Chaipipattanamongkol N, Sridakhot K, Sripukdee S, Sripukdee S, et al: <em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomed Rep 23: 163, 2025.
APA
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y. ... Kaokaew, J. (2025). <em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical Reports, 23, 163. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2041
MLA
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y., Pusinam, C., Chaipipattanamongkol, N., Sridakhot, K., Sripukdee, S., Kaokaew, J."<em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation". Biomedical Reports 23.4 (2025): 163.
Chicago
Suksri, K., Muangchan, N., Yingngam, B., Kaewkanlaya, P., Onthamma, J., Bootmart, Y., Pusinam, C., Chaipipattanamongkol, N., Sridakhot, K., Sripukdee, S., Kaokaew, J."<em>Syzygium samarangense</em> fruit extract attenuates hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 4 (2025): 163. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2041
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