Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 23 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 23 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux

  • Authors:
    • Xin Zhang
    • Haining Lu
    • Xingsheng Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Intensive Care Unit, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 183
    |
    Published online on: September 25, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2061
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The primary pathological characteristics of acute lung injury (ALI), comprise the dysfunction of the endothelial barrier, primarily due to the death of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), with pyroptosis identified as the principal mechanism underlying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced endothelial cell death. Current research suggests that autophagy suppresses pyroptosis. Spermidine (SPD), an endogenous polyamine, is known for its potent ability to induce autophagy. Nevertheless, the impact of SPD on LPS‑induced ALI and PMVEC pyroptosis remains unclear. In the present study, an ALI model was established through an intratracheal injection of LPS. SPD treatment significantly alleviated LPS‑induced lung injury in mice and reduced caspase‑1 activation and gasdermin D N‑terminal expression in lung tissues. To further investigate the mechanism, PMVEC pyroptosis was modeled using LPS combined with nigericin. In vitro experiments revealed suppressed autophagic flux under pyroptotic conditions, while SPD restored autophagic flux and attenuated PMVEC pyroptosis. These findings indicated that SPD protects against endothelial cell damage, partially through autophagic flux restoration.
View Figures

Figure 1

SPD alleviates LPS-induced acute lung
injury. (A) H&E staining of lung tissue sections showing that
SPD pretreatment alleviated LPS-induced lung injury. Scale bars, 50
µm. (B and C) W/D and BALF protein levels were measured to assess
pulmonary vascular endothelium permeability. *P<0.05,
the LPS group vs. the control group; #P<0.05, the LPS
+ SPD group vs. the LPS group. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SPD,
spermidine; H&E, hematoxylin & eosin; W/D, wet-to-dry
ratio; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Ctrl, control.

Figure 2

SPD alleviates lung pyroptosis. (A)
Western blot analysis of caspase-1 and GSDMDNT in mice
that underwent various treatments. (B) Semi-quantitative analysis
of (A). The results are presented as the mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, the LPS group vs. the control group;
#P<0.05, the LPS + SPD group vs. the LPS group. SPD,
spermidine; GSDMDNT or GSDMD N, gasdermin D N-terminal;
LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Ctrl, control; Cas-1, caspase-1;
pro-Casp-1, pro-caspase-1; GSDMD FL, gasdermin D full length.

Figure 3

SPD reduces pyroptosis in PMVECs.
PMVECs were first treated with 40 µm SPD for 12 h, followed by
exposure to LPS and NIG. (A) Pyroptotic cells were identified
through PI staining, with nuclei stained blue using DAPI. Scale
bars, 50 µm. (B) Percentages of PI-positive cells. (C) LDH
concentrations in cell homogenates were measured using the
CheKine™ LDH Assay Kit. (D) Western blotting was
performed to detect cleaved caspase-1 (p20) and GSDMDNT
in PMVECs. (E) Semi-quantification of (D). The results are
presented as the mean ± SD. *P<0.05, the LPS + NIG
group vs. the control group; #P<0.05, the LPS + NIG +
SPD group vs. the LPS + NIG group. SPD, spermidine; PMVECs,
pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide;
NIG, nigericin; PI, propidium iodide; DAPI,
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase;
GSDMDNT or GSDMD N, gasdermin D N-terminal; GSDMD FL,
gasdermin D full length; Ctrl, control.

Figure 4

SPD improves the disrupted autophagic
flow in PMVECs that are undergoing pyroptosis due to LPS and NIG.
(A) Western blotting of LC3 II and p62 in the PMVECs. (B)
Semi-quantification of LC3 II and p62. The results are presented as
the mean ± SD. *P<0.05, the LPS + NIG group vs. the
control group; #P<0.05, the LPS + NIG + SPD group vs.
the LPS + NIG group; &P<0.05, the LPS + NIG + SPD
+ CQ group vs. LPS + NIG + SPD group. SPD, spermidine; PMVECs,
pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide;
NIG, nigericin; LC3 I/II, microtubule-associated protein
1A/1B-light chain 3 I/II; CQ, chloroquine.

Figure 5

SPD reduces PMVEC pyroptosis caused by
LPS and NIG by restoring the impaired autophagic flux. (A)
Pyroptotic cells were labeled red using PI staining, while the cell
nuclei were stained blue with DAPI. Scale bars, 50 µm. (B)
Percentages of PI-positive cells. (C) LDH concentrations in cell
homogenates were measured using the CheKine™ LDH Assay
Kit. (D) Western blotting was conducted to assess the levels of
cleaved caspase-1 (p20) and GSDMDNT in PMVECs. (E)
Semi-quantification of (D). Results are presented as the mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, the LPS + NIG group vs. the control group;
#P<0.05, the LPS + NIG + SPD group vs. the LPS + NIG
group; &P<0.05, the LPS + NIG + SPD + CQ group
vs. LPS + NIG + SPD group. SPD, spermidine; PMVECs, pulmonary
microvascular endothelial cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NIG,
nigericin; PI, propidium iodide; DAPI,
4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase;
GSDMDNT or GSDMD N, gasdermin D N-terminal; GSDMD FL,
gasdermin D full length; CQ, chloroquine; Cas-1, caspase-1;
pro-casp-1, pro-caspase-1; Ctrl, control.
View References

1 

ARDS Definition Task Force. Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, Camporota L and Slutsky AS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The berlin definition. JAMA. 307:2526–2533. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Fan E, Brodie D and Slutsky AS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 319:698–710. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Matthay MA and Zemans RL: The acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pathogenesis and treatment. Annu Rev Pathol. 6:147–163. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Matthay MA, Ware LB and Zimmerman GA: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest. 122:2731–2740. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Wang L, Mehta S, Brock M and Gill SE: Inhibition of murine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis promotes recovery of barrier function under septic conditions. Mediators Inflamm. 2017(3415380)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Gill SE, Rohan M and Mehta S: Role of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis in murine sepsis-induced lung injury in vivo. Respir Res. 16(109)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Moreno-Gonzalez G, Vandenabeele P and Krysko DV: Necroptosis: A novel cell death modality and its potential relevance for critical care medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 194:415–428. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Mizushima N and Komatsu M: Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues. Cell. 147:728–741. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Guo R, Wang H and Cui N: Autophagy regulation on pyroptosis: Mechanism and medical implication in sepsis. Mediators Inflamm. 2021(9925059)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Gao M, Zhao W, Li C, Xie X, Li M, Bi Y, Fang F, Du Y and Liu X: Spermidine ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through regulating lipid metabolism via AMPK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 505:93–98. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Ehrentraut H, Weisheit CK, Frede S and Hilbert T: Inducing acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation. J Vis Exp: Jul 6, 2019 (Epub ahead of print).

12 

D'Alessio FR: Mouse models of acute lung injury and ARDS. Methods Mol Biol. 1809:341–350. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Percie du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, et al: The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol. 18(e3000410)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

National Research Council: Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th edition. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, pp1-246, 2011.

15 

Yan S, Yu L, Chen Z, Xie D, Huang Z and Ouyang S: ZBP1 promotes hepatocyte pyroptosis in acute liver injury by regulating the PGAM5/ROS pathway. Ann Hepatol. 29(101475)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Liang Q, Cai W, Zhao Y, Xu H, Tang H, Chen D, Qian F and Sun L: Lycorine ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Pharmacol Res. 158(104884)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Li Q, Tan Y, Chen S, Xiao X, Zhang M, Wu Q and Dong M: Irisin alleviates LPS-induced liver injury and inflammation through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 41:294–303. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Zhang X, Zhang P, An L, Sun N, Peng L, Tang W, Ma D and Chen J: Miltirone induces cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cell through GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. Acta Pharm Sin B. 10:1397–1413. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Pegg AE: Mammalian polyamine metabolism and function. IUBMB Life. 61:880–894. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Büttner S, Ruckenstuhl C and Kroemer G: Spermidine: A novel autophagy inducer and longevity elixir. Autophagy. 6:160–162. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Zhang H, Alsaleh G, Feltham J, Sun Y, Napolitano G, Riffelmacher T, Charles P, Frau L, Hublitz P, Yu Z, et al: Polyamines control eIF5A hypusination, TFEB translation, and autophagy to reverse B cell senescence. Mol Cell. 76:110–125.e9. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Yan J, Yan JY, Wang YX, Ling YN, Song XD, Wang SY, Liu HQ, Liu QC, Zhang Y, Yang PZ, et al: Spermidine-enhanced autophagic flux improves cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction by targeting the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol. 176:3126–3142. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Shi J, Gao W and Shao F: Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-mediated programmed necrotic cell death. Trends Biochem Sci. 42:245–254. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Brigham KL and Meyrick B: Endotoxin and lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis. 133:913–927. 1986.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Singla S and Machado RF: Death of the endothelium in sepsis: Understanding the crime scene. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 59:3–4. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Broz P, Pelegrín P and Shao F: The gasdermins, a protein family executing cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:143–157. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Liu S, Yao S, Yang H, Liu S and Wang Y: Autophagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis. 14(648)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Mitra S, Exline M, Habyarimana F, Gavrilin MA, Baker PJ, Masters SL, Wewers MD and Sarkar A: Microparticulate caspase 1 regulates gasdermin D and pulmonary vascular endothelial cell injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 59:56–64. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Wang YC, Liu QX, Zheng Q, Liu T, Xu XE, Liu XH, Gao W, Bai XJ and Li ZF: Dihydromyricetin alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis in mice model. Inflammation. 42:1301–1310. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Pu Q, Gan C, Li R, Li Y, Tan S, Li X, Wei Y, Lan L, Deng X, Liang H, et al: Atg7 deficiency intensifies inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in Pseudomonas sepsis. J Immunol. 198:3205–3213. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Gao C, Yan Y, Chen G, Wang T, Luo C, Zhang M, Chen X and Tao L: Autophagy activation represses pyroptosis through the IL-13 and JAK1/STAT1 pathways in a mouse model of moderate traumatic brain injury. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11:4231–4239. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, Zhou X, Luhr M, Hijlkema KJ, Coppes RP, Engedal N, Mari M and Reggiori F: Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy. 14:1435–1455. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Xu J and Núñez G: The NLRP3 inflammasome: Activation and regulation. Trends Biochem Sci. 48:331–344. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Lu H and Xu X: Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux. Biomed Rep 23: 183, 2025.
APA
Zhang, X., Lu, H., & Xu, X. (2025). Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux. Biomedical Reports, 23, 183. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2061
MLA
Zhang, X., Lu, H., Xu, X."Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 183.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Lu, H., Xu, X."Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 183. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2061
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Lu H and Xu X: Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux. Biomed Rep 23: 183, 2025.
APA
Zhang, X., Lu, H., & Xu, X. (2025). Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux. Biomedical Reports, 23, 183. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2061
MLA
Zhang, X., Lu, H., Xu, X."Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux". Biomedical Reports 23.6 (2025): 183.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Lu, H., Xu, X."Spermidine mitigates lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by enhancing autophagic flux". Biomedical Reports 23, no. 6 (2025): 183. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2061
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team