Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Biomedical Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9434 Online ISSN: 2049-9442
Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 24 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2026 Volume 24 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients

  • Authors:
    • Amalia Ioana Arhire
    • Teodora Papuc
    • Sorin Ioacără
    • Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
    • Carmen Gabriela Barbu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Medicine, The University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 020021 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
    Copyright: © Arhire et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 1
    |
    Published online on: October 27, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2074
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

With the increasing occurrence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in younger individuals, it is important to identifying contributing factors. A retrospective case control pilot study involving 31 children within the first 6 months after diagnosis, was conducted in the Elias Hospital in Bucharest, Romania) between January 2019‑ December 2021. Spearman correlation analysis was performed, evaluating the association between microbiota and early onset T1DM, high‑level onset glycaemia, ketoacidosis, thyroid autoimmunity and clinical parameters involving growth. Gut dysbiosis with an overabundance of bacteria and fungi was observed compared with the healthy control group. Butyricicoccus was positively associated with younger age at onset (r=0.6276, P=0.0018) but negatively correlated with markers of disease progression, such as T1DM recent diagnosis (r=‑0.517, P=0.0164), homeostasis model assessment of β‑cell function) (r=‑0.5962, P=0.0034) and C‑peptide values (r=‑0.5005, P=0.0344). Bacteroides showed a negative association with early‑stage diabetes (r=‑0.4431, P=0.0442) and Clostridium leptum was negatively associated with recent diagnosis (r=‑0.6278, P=0.0023). Antibiotic use prior to disease diagnosis was positively correlated with Candida albicans (r=0.4431, P=0.0442). Inflammation, determined by the systemic inflammatory index, was positively correlated with Enterobacteriaceae (r=0.4331, P=0.0441) and negatively correlated with Clostridium coccoides (r=‑0.4241, P=0.0492). C‑reactive protein levels were negatively associated with Bacteroides (r=‑0.4331, P=0.0498). These findings highlighted the role of gut microbiota in pancreatic inflammation and T1DM progression. In conclusion, dysbiosis of children with T1DM was correlated with younger age and a more severe onset. Microbial metabolites levels differed in these patients compared with the healthy control group. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess gastrointestinal dysbiosis in T1DM.
View Figures

Figure 1

Beneficial bacteria abundance in
T1DM. Relative abundance of (A) Bifidobacterium, (B)
Lactobacillus and (C) A. muciniphila in patients with
T1DM compared with healthy control group. ***P<0.001.
T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2

Mycobiome characterization. Dysbiosis
with increased abundance of (A) Aspergillus (B) Candida
spp. and (C) Saccharomyces in T1DM. The primers were
specific to the ribosomal 18S RNA gene and designed tEo recognize
various Candida and Saccharomyces spp. T1DM, type 1
diabetes mellitus. *P<0.05.

Figure 3

Dysbiosis markers in T1DM. Dysbiosis
with increased abundance of (A) Clostridium coccoides and
(B) Bacteroides spp. in T1DM. (C) Dysbiosis with increased
abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in T1DM (P=0.0193). T1DM,
type 1 diabetes mellitus. *P<0.05 and
**P<0.01

Figure 4

Abundance of butyrate-producing
bacteria (A) Relative abundance of Clostridium leptum. (B)
Dysbiosis with a decrease of Butyricicoccus spp. in T1DM
group. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus. *P<0.05.

Figure 5

Spearman correlation coefficients
between clinical parameters (and relative abundance of bacterial
taxa in the microbiome. Red, positive correlation; blue, negative
correlations; intensity of color corresponds to the magnitude of
the correlation. HbA1C, Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin);
HOMA-B, Homeostatic Model Assessment of β-cell function; IGF,
Insulin-like Growth Factor; CRP, C-reactive Protein; TTG Ab, Tissue
Transglutaminase Antibodies; fT4, Free Thyroxine; TSH,
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; PTH, Parathyroid Hormone.

Figure 6

Fecal metabolite analysis in patients
with T1DM and healthy controls. In fecal samples, acetate
represented the predominant SCFA, accounting for ~85% in controls
and ~92% in T1DM patients. Lactate and butyrate contributed ~10 and
~5% in controls, compared with ~6 and ~2% in T1DM patients,
respectively. T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.
View References

1 

Ogle GD, Wang F, Haynes A, Gregory GA, King TW, Deng K, Dabelea D, James S, Jenkins AJ, Li X, et al: Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th Edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 225(112277)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Dedrick S, Sundaresh B, Huang Q, Brady C, Yoo T, Cronin C, Rudnicki C, Flood M, Momeni B, Ludvigsson J and Altindis E: The role of gut microbiota and environmental factors in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 11(78)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling I, Van den Brandt PA and Stobberingh EE: Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 118:511–521. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N, Gundogdu O, Chifiriuc MC, Marutescu LG, Ispas B and Savu O: Dysbiosis in the development of type I diabetes and associated complications: From mechanisms to targeted gut microbes manipulation therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 22(2763)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Rampanelli E and Nieuwdorp M: Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: The immunological perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 19:93–109. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Abuqwider J, Corrado A, Scidà G, Lupoli R, Costabile G, Mauriello G and Bozzetto L: Gut microbiome and blood glucose control in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 14(1265696)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Wen L, Ley RE, Volchkov PY, Stranges PB, Avanesyan L, Stonebraker AC, Hu C, Wong FS, Szot GL, Bluestone JA, et al: Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Nature. 455:1109–1113. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Markle JG, Frank DN, Mortin-Toth S, Robertson CE, Feazel LM, Rolle-Kampczyk U, von Bergen M, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ and Danska JS: Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity. Science. 339:1084–1088. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Hansen CH, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Vogensen FK, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Buschard K and Hansen AK: Early life treatment with vancomycin propagates Akkermansia muciniphila and reduces diabetes incidence in the NOD mouse. Diabetologia. 55:2285–2294. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Maffeis C, Martina A, Corradi M, Quarella S, Nori N, Torriani S, Plebani M, Contreas G and Felis GE: Association between intestinal permeability and faecal microbiota composition in Italian children with beta cell autoimmunity at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res Rev. 32:700–709. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Kostic AD, Gevers D, Siljander H, Vatanen T, Hyötyläinen T, Hämäläinen AM, Peet A, Tillmann V, Pöhö P, Mattila I, et al: The dynamics of the human infant gut microbiome in development and in progression toward type 1 diabetes. Cell Host Microbe. 17:260–273. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Ziegler AG, Hoffmann GF, Hasford J, Larsson HE, Danne T, Berner R, Penno M, Koralova A, Dunne J and Bonifacio E: Screening for asymptomatic β-cell autoimmunity in young children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 3:288–290. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Vaarala O: Gut microbiota and type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 9:251–259. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Vatanen T, Franzosa EA, Schwager R, Tripathi S, Arthur TD, Vehik K, Lernmark Å, Hagopian WA, Rewers MJ, She JX, et al: The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study. Nature. 562:589–594. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Bäckhed F, Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson DA and Gordon JI: Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science. 307:1915–1920. 2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Murri M, Leiva I, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Tinahones FJ, Cardona F, Soriguer F and Queipo-Ortuño MI: Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: A case-control study. BMC Med. 11(46)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Arts RJW, Joosten LAB and Netea MG: The potential role of trained immunity in autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. Front Immunol. 9(298)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Marchesi JR and Ravel J: The vocabulary of microbiome research: A proposal. Microbiome. 3(31)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Jung TH, Han KS, Park JH and Hwang HJ: Butyrate modulates mucin secretion and bacterial adherence in LoVo cells via MAPK signaling. PLoS One. 17(e0269872)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Vatanen T, de Beaufort C, Marcovecchio ML, Overbergh L, Brunak S, Peakman M, Mathieu C and Knip M: INNODIA consortium. Gut microbiome shifts in people with type 1 diabetes are associated with glycaemic control: An INNODIA study. Diabetologia. 67:1930–1942. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Flint HJ, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Louis P and Forano E: Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut. Gut Microbes. 3:289–306. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Hague A, Butt AJ and Paraskeva C: The role of butyrate in human colonic epithelial cells: An energy source or inducer of differentiation and apoptosis? Proc Nutr Soc. 55:937–943. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Petito V and Gasbarrini A: Commensal Clostridia: Leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Gut Pathog. 5(23)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Leiva-Gea I, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Martín-Tejedor B, Castellano-Castillo D, Moreno-Indias I, Urda-Cardona A, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-García JC and Queipo-Ortuño MI: Gut microbiota differs in composition and functionality between children with type 1 Diabetes and MODY2 and healthy control subjects: A case-control study. Diabetes Care. 41:2385–2395. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Brown CT, Davis-Richardson A, Giongo A, Gano KA, Crabb DB, Mukherjee N, Casella G, Drew JC, Ilonen J, Knip M, et al: Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 6(e25792)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Valladares R, Sankar D, Li N, Williams E, Lai KK, Abdelgeliel AS, Gonzalez CF, Wasserfall CH, Larkin J, Schatz D, et al: Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 mitigates the development of type 1 diabetes in BB-DP rats. PLoS One. 5(e10507)2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 486:207–214. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Hypponen E: Vitamin D and increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes-evidence for an association? Diabetes Obes Metab. 12:737–743. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Chia LW, Mank M, Blijenberg B, Aalvink S, Bongers RS, Stahl B, Knol J and Belzer C: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron fosters the growth of butyrate-producing Anaerostipes caccae in the presence of lactose and total human milk carbohydrates. Microorganisms. 8(1513)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Zipitis CS and Akobeng AK: Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 93:512–517. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Karvonen M, Viik-Kajander M, Moltchanova E, Libman I, LaPorte R and Tuomilehto J: Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Mondiale (DiaMond) Project Group. Diabetes Care. 23:1516–1526. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Pozzilli P, Manfrini S, Crinò A, Picardi A, Leomanni C, Cherubini V, Valente L, Khazrai M and Visalli N: IMDIAB group. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 37:680–683. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Borkar VV, Devidayal Verma S and Bhalla AK: Low levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 11:345–50. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Hagopian WA, Erlich H, Lernmark Å, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Simell O, Akolkar B, Vogt R Jr, Blair A, Ilonen J, et al: The environmental determinants of diabetes in the young (TEDDY): Genetic criteria and international diabetes risk screening of 421,000 infants. Pediatr Diabetes. 12:733–743. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Lönnrot M, Lynch KF, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å, Rewers MJ, Törn C, Burkhardt BR, Briese T, Hagopian WA, She JX, et al: TEDDY study group: Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: The TEDDY study. Diabetologia. 60:1931–1940. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Rewers M and Ludvigsson J: Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 387:2340–2348. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Vlad A, Serban V, Green A, Möller S, Vlad M, Timar B and Sima A: ONROCAD Study Group. Time trends, regional variability and seasonality regarding the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Romanian children aged 0-14 years, between 1996 and 2015. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 10:92–99. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Ionescu-Tîrgoviște C, Guja C, Călin A and Moţa M: An increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children aged 0-14 years in Romania-ten years (1988-1997) EURODIAB study experience. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 17:983–991. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Gyürüs EK, Patterson C and Soltész G: Hungarian Childhood Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Twenty-one years of prospective incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in Hungary-the rising trend continues (or peaks and highlands?). Pediatr Diabetes. 13:21–25. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Jarosz-Chobot P, Polańska J, Szadkowska A, Kretowski A, Bandurska-Stankiewicz E, Ciechanowska M, Deja G, Mysliwiec M, Peczynska J, Rutkowska J, et al: Rapid increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Polish children from 1989 to. 2004, and predictions for 2010 to 2025. Diabetologia. 54:508–515. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Usher-Smith JA, Thompson M, Ercole A and Walter FM: Variation between countries in the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis at first presentation of type 1 diabetes in children: A systematic review. Diabetologia. 55:2878–2894. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Triolo TM, Armstrong TK, McFann K, Yu L, Rewers MJ, Klingensmith GJ, Eisenbarth GS and Barker JM: Additional autoimmune disease found in 33% of patients at type 1 diabetes onset. Diabetes Care. 34:1211–1213. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Akhtadze E, Cilio CM, Hansen I, Gerdes AM, Mortensen HB, Pociot F and Nerup J: Distribution of autoimmune diseases in Danish children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Horm Res. 65:193–198. 2006.

44 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, et al: 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 46 (Suppl 1):S19–S40. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

de Groot PF, Belzer C, Levels JH, Aalvink S, Boot F, Holleman F, Van Raalte DH, Scheithauer TP, Simsek S, Schaap FG, et al: Distinct fecal and oral microbiota composition in human type 1 diabetes, an observational study. PLoS One. 12(e0188475)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Thomson G, Valdes AM, Noble JA, Kockum I, Grote MN, Najman J, Erlich HA, Cucca F, Pugliese A, Steenkiste A, et al: Relative predispositional effects of HLA class II DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes genotypes on type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Tissue Antigens. 70:110–127. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Emmanuel M and Bokor BR: Tanner Stages. 2022 Dec 11. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL, 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470280/.

48 

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF and Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 28:412–419. 1985.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Trandafir M, Pircalabioru GG and Savu O: Microbiota analysis in individuals with type two diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease: A pilot study. Exp Ther Med. 27(211)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Srinivasan R, Karaoz U, Volegova M, MacKichan J, Kato-Maeda M, Miller S, Nadarajan R, Brodie EL and Lynch SV: Use of 16S rRNA gene for identification of a broad range of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. PLoS One. 10(e0117617)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Giongo A, Gano KA, Crabb DB, Mukherjee N, Novelo LL, Casella G, Drew JC, Ilonen J, Knip M, Hyöty H, et al: Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes. ISME J. 5:82–91. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Chifiriuc MC, Picu A, Petcu LM, Trandafir M and Savu O: Snapshot into the type-2-diabetes-associated microbiome of a romanian cohort. Int J Mol Sci. 23(15023)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Ilie I, Oprea L, Picu A, Petcu LM, Burlibasa L, Chifiriuc MC and Musat M: Microbiome, mycobiome and related metabolites alterations in patients with metabolic syndrome-a pilot study. Metabolites. 12(218)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Hull CM, Peakman M and Tree TIM: Regulatory T cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes: what's broken and how can we fix it? Diabetologia. 60:1839–1850. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Alnek K, Tagoma A, Metsküla K, Talja I, Janson H, Mandel M, Vorobjova T, Oras A, Sepp H, Pruul K, et al: Comparison of immunological and immunogenetic markers in recent-onset type 1 diabetes among children and adults. Sci Rep. 15(15491)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Mazzoni MB, Roversi M, Maltoni G, Biasucci G, Berardi A, Tonielli E, Cicognani A and Salardi S: Gualandi. Recurrent infections in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 18(599)2018.

58 

Hygum K, Starup-Linde J, Harsløf T, Vestergaard P and Langdahl BL: Mechanisms in endocrinology: Diabetes mellitus, a state of low bone turnover-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 176:R137–R157. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Knudsen JK, Leutscher P and Sørensen S: Gut microbiota in bone health and diabetes. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 19:462–479. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Janner M and Saner C: Impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus on bone health in children. Horm Res Paediatr. 95:205–214. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Round JL and Mazmanian SK: Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:12204–12209. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Mazmanian SK, Round JL and Kasper DL: A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestnal inflammatory disease. Nature. 453:620–625. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ and Bakker BM: The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res. 54:2325–2340. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

de Groot PF, Belzer C, Aydin Ö, Levin E, Levels JH, Aalvink S, Boot F, Holman R, Reitsma PH, Gerdes VE and Nieuwdorp M: Distinct fecal and oral microbiota composition in human type 1 diabetes, an observational study. PLoS ONE. 12(e0188475)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Arhire AI, Papuc T, Ioacără S, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G and Barbu CG: Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients. Biomed Rep 24: 1, 2026.
APA
Arhire, A.I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., & Barbu, C.G. (2026). Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients. Biomedical Reports, 24, 1. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2074
MLA
Arhire, A. I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Barbu, C. G."Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 1.
Chicago
Arhire, A. I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Barbu, C. G."Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 1. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2074
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Arhire AI, Papuc T, Ioacără S, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G and Barbu CG: Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients. Biomed Rep 24: 1, 2026.
APA
Arhire, A.I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., & Barbu, C.G. (2026). Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients. Biomedical Reports, 24, 1. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2074
MLA
Arhire, A. I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Barbu, C. G."Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 1.
Chicago
Arhire, A. I., Papuc, T., Ioacără, S., Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G., Barbu, C. G."Unveiling the gut connection: Exploring the link between microbiota and type 1 diabetes onset in pediatric patients". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 1. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2074
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team