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Review Open Access

Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hua Luo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, Deyang Hospital of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 7
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    Published online on: November 5, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2080
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Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa), particularly metastatic castration‑resistant PCa, remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Cell‑surface proteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. The present review examines the biological characteristics of PCa cell surface proteins focusing on major targets, such as prostate‑specific membrane antigen, six‑transmembrane epithelial antigen 1, trophoblast cell‑surface antigen 2, and prostate stem cell antigen. These targets provide the foundation for the development of emerging therapeutic strategies, including radioligand therapy, antibody‑drug conjugates, and bispecific T cells and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Combining the latest clinical trial data, the present review discusses the efficacy of targeted therapy, the mechanisms of drug therapy resistance, and combination treatment strategies, analyzing their potential application in the management of PCa and exploring prospects for the development of precision therapy in the future. Additionally, this review aims to systematically summarize the relevant progress in this field. In conclusion, the findings provide a theoretical basis and clinical guidance for molecular‑targeted therapy in PCa, thereby promoting further research and applications.
View Figures

Figure 1

Therapeutic strategies targeting
prostate cancer cell surface proteins and associated challenges.
Schematic overview of key cell surface targets in prostate cancer
(such as PSMA, STEAP1, TROP-2) and the corresponding therapeutic
strategies, including RLT, ADCs, BiTEs, and CAR-T cell therapy.
Major challenges such as antigen escape and an immunosuppressive
microenvironment are highlighted, along with potential solutions
including multi-targeting approaches and immunomodulation. PSMA,
prostate-specific membrane antigen; STEAP1, six-transmembrane
epithelial antigen of prostate 1; TROP-2, trophoblast cell-surface
antigen 2; RLT, radioligand therapy; ADCs, antibody-drug
conjugates; BiTEs, bispecific T-cell engagers; CAR-T, chimeric
antigen receptor T-cell therapy; PSCA, prostate stem cell antigen;
DLL3, delta-like ligand 3; TME, tumor microenvironment.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Luo H: Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review). Biomed Rep 24: 7, 2026.
APA
Luo, H. (2026). Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review). Biomedical Reports, 24, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2080
MLA
Luo, H."Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 7.
Chicago
Luo, H."Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2080
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Luo H: Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review). Biomed Rep 24: 7, 2026.
APA
Luo, H. (2026). Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review). Biomedical Reports, 24, 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2080
MLA
Luo, H."Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 7.
Chicago
Luo, H."Progress in targeted therapy for prostate cancer via cell surface proteins (Review)". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 7. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2080
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