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Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles

  • Authors:
    • Dong Young Kang
    • Yunkyeong Kwon
    • Hyo Tae Kim
    • Jaehoon Cho
    • Kyoung-Jin Jang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea, Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea, Research and Development Center, NEW&NEW Co., Ltd., Seoul 05855, Republic of Korea, Department of Low‑carbon Transition Research and Development, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Kang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 9
    |
    Published online on: November 7, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2082
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Abstract

Hemp seeds provide a nutritious food source. They contain proteins and essential minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron and zinc. These nutrients contribute to health benefits, including the support of cardiovascular health, blood pressure regulation and boosting immune function. To the best of our knowledge, however, their influence on cell proliferation has not been determined. The present study examined the biological effects of hemp seed extract on cell proliferation. The present study examined the biological effects of hemp seed extract on cell viability by evaluating its cytotoxicity in mouse muscle (C2C12) and embryonic (C3H10T1/2) cells, and identified 200 µg/ml as the optimal treatment concentration. At this concentration, growth factor protein levels were elevated, and the phosphorylation of the downstream JAK2/STAT5b signaling pathway was increased. The extract promoted phosphorylated STAT5b binding to insulin‑like growth factor (IGF)‑1 DNA without causing significant DNA damage. These results suggest that hemp seed extract supports muscle regeneration by stimulating IGF‑1 signaling via the JAK2/STAT5b pathway.
View Figures

Figure 1

HS extract enhances the viability of
C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells. MTT assay showed that HS extract
increased cell viability by 20% over 24 h at a concentration of
~200 µg/ml. ***P<0.001; #P<0.001 vs. 0.
HS, hemp seed.

Figure 2

HS extract does not cause
cytotoxicity at a concentration of 200 µg/ml. (A) Normal and
abnormal nuclear staining induced by 24 h treatment with HS
extracts at concentrations of 200 or 500 µg/ml in C2C12 and
C3H10T1/2 cells, respectively. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) Comet assay
images from fluorescence microscopy analysis at X10 and X40
magnification showed fragmented DNA migration from the nucleoid
body that formed a comet tail. Circle, cells with fragmented DNA
forming comet tails in the comet assay. Cells treated with HS
extracts at a concentration of 200 µg/ml showed no DNA migration.
HS, hemp seed.

Figure 3

HS extracts enhances expression of
nuclear pSTAT5b and its binding to the IGF-1 promoter. (A) Western
blotting showing the protein expression of JAK2, pJAK2, STAT5b and
pSTAT5 following the treatment of C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells with
100 and 200 µg/ml HS extract for 24 h. (B) Western blotting showing
the protein expression of GHR, IGF-1, pIGF-1Rβ and IGF-1Rβ
following the treatment of C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells with 100 and
200 µg/ml HS extracts for 24 h. (C) Relative STAT5b/IGF-1 complex
binding in C2C12 and C3H10T1/2 cells treated with 100 and 200 µg/ml
HS extracts for 24 h by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.
#P<0.001 vs. control. HS, hemp seed; p,
phosphorylated; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-1receptor; GHR,
growth hormone receptor.
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Kang DY, Kwon Y, Kim HT, Cho J and Jang K: Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles. Biomed Rep 24: 9, 2026.
APA
Kang, D.Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H.T., Cho, J., & Jang, K. (2026). Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles. Biomedical Reports, 24, 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2082
MLA
Kang, D. Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H. T., Cho, J., Jang, K."Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 9.
Chicago
Kang, D. Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H. T., Cho, J., Jang, K."Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2082
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Spandidos Publications style
Kang DY, Kwon Y, Kim HT, Cho J and Jang K: Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles. Biomed Rep 24: 9, 2026.
APA
Kang, D.Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H.T., Cho, J., & Jang, K. (2026). Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles. Biomedical Reports, 24, 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2082
MLA
Kang, D. Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H. T., Cho, J., Jang, K."Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles". Biomedical Reports 24.1 (2026): 9.
Chicago
Kang, D. Y., Kwon, Y., Kim, H. T., Cho, J., Jang, K."Hemp seed extract as a catalyst for cell proliferation via IGF‑1 and growth hormone signaling: Increased natural regenerative potential of muscles". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 1 (2026): 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2082
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