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Article

ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in β‑cells

  • Authors:
    • Danling Chen
    • Xiaomin Chen
    • Yuan Tian
    • Kejia Wang
    • Chengkun Han
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China, Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 22
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    Published online on: November 28, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2095
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Abstract

Lipotoxicity‑induced β‑cell dysfunction is a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum‑resident protein 46 (ERp46) in regulating glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression and insulin secretion in β‑cells under palmitic acid (PA)‑induced lipotoxic stress. β‑TC6 cells were treated with PA to induce lipotoxicity, and ERp46 expression was silenced using specific small interfering RNA. GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion were assessed, and the involvement of protein kinase B (AKT) signaling was evaluated. The results demonstrated that PA significantly decreased GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion, while ERp46 expression was upregulated as a potential compensatory response. ERp46 knockdown exacerbated the reduction of GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion. Furthermore, PA treatment reduced phosphorylated AKT (p‑AKT) levels without altering total AKT expression, and ERp46 knockdown further decreased p‑AKT levels. The activation of AKT using AKT activator compound SC79 restored GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in ERp46‑depleted cells. These findings indicated that ERp46 helps preserve β‑cell function under lipotoxic stress, potentially by stabilizing ER proteostasis and supporting AKT phosphorylation.
View Figures

Figure 1

PA-induced ER stress reduces GLUT2
expression and impairs insulin secretion in β-cells. (A) Insulin
secretion levels under varying concentrations of PA (0, 0.125, 0.25
and 0.5 µM) and at different time points (0, 12, 24 and 48 h).
Insulin secretion decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistical
significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. (B) Volcano plot
showing the DEGs in PA-stimulated β-cells compared with controls.
TXNDC5 (ERp46) was significantly upregulated, whereas
SLC2A2 (GLUT2) was downregulated. (C) GO and KEGG pathway
enrichment of upregulated DEGs. Key pathways included oxidative
stress response, UPR and ER stress-related pathways. (D) Enrichment
analysis of downregulated DEGs, highlighting impaired transport
regulation and immune-related processes. (E) RT-qPCR validation of
TXNDC5 and SLC2A2 expression in PA-stimulated
β-cells. (F) Western blotting showing increased ERp46 and decreased
GLUT2 protein levels following PA treatment. **P<0.01
and ***P<0.001. PA, palmitic acid; ER, endoplasmic
reticulum; GLUT2, glucose transporter 2; SEM, standard error of the
mean; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; TXNDC5,
thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5; ERp46, endoplasmic
reticulum-resident protein 46; SLC2A2, solute carrier family
2 member 2; GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes
and Genomes; UPR, unfolded protein response; RT-qPCR, reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR; ns, not significant.

Figure 2

ERp46 regulates GLUT2 expression and
insulin secretion in β-cells under PA-induced stress. (A) Western
blotting confirming ERp46 knockdown efficiency by siRNA
transfection. (B) Western blotting showing that GLUT2 expression
was further decreased in PA-treated cells following ERp46
knockdown. (C) Insulin secretion was significantly reduced in
ERp46-depleted β-cells exposed to PA, as determined by ELISA. (D)
Western blotting of ER stress markers BiP and CHOP revealed that
ERp46 knockdown aggravated PA-induced ER stress. (E) RT-qPCR
analysis of PDX1 mRNA expression showed no significant
changes with ERp46 knockdown under PA stimulation. (F) Western
blotting confirmed that PDX1 protein levels were not significantly
altered by ERp46 knockdown. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM
(n=6). Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA.
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. ERp46,
endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein 46; GLUT2, glucose
transporter 2; PA, palmitic acid; siRNA, small interfering RNA; ER,
endoplasmic reticulum; BiP, binding immunoglobulin protein; CHOP,
C/EBP homologous protein; RT-qPCR, reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR; PDX1, pancreatic and
duodenal homeobox 1; SEM, standard error of the mean; ns, not
significant.

Figure 3

ERp46 regulates GLUT2 expression
through AKT activation under PA-induced stress. (A) Correlation
analysis of RNA-seq dataset (GSE53949) showing a positive
correlation between TXNDC5 (ERp46) and SLC2A2 (GLUT2)
expression in PA-stimulated and control β-cell samples. (B) Western
blotting showing that p-AKT levels were decreased by PA and further
reduced by ERp46 knockdown, while t-AKT remained unchanged. (C)
Western blotting demonstrating that treatment with the AKT
activator SC79 restored GLUT2 expression and p-AKT levels in
ERp46-depleted cells under PA stimulation. (D) ELISA assay showing
that SC79 treatment rescued insulin secretion impaired by ERp46
knockdown in PA-treated β-cells. (E) Western blotting of ER stress
markers BiP and CHOP revealed that SC79 treatment did not
significantly reverse PA-induced ER stress, indicating that AKT
activation specifically rescued GLUT2 and insulin secretion without
directly modulating ER stress. Na+/K+-ATPase
served as a membrane-protein specificity control. Data are
presented as the mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistical significance was
determined using one-way ANOVA. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. ERp46,
endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein 46; GLUT2, glucose
transporter 2; AKT, protein kinase B; PA, palmitic acid;
TXNDC5, thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5;
SLC2A2, solute carrier family 2 member 2; p-AKT,
phosphorylated AKT; t-AKT, total AKT; SC79, AKT activator compound
SC79; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; BiP, binding immunoglobulin
protein; CHOP, C/EBP homologous protein; SEM, standard error of the
mean; ns, not significant.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen D, Chen X, Tian Y, Wang K and Han C: ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells. Biomed Rep 24: 22, 2026.
APA
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., & Han, C. (2026). ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells. Biomedical Reports, 24, 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2095
MLA
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., Han, C."ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells". Biomedical Reports 24.2 (2026): 22.
Chicago
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., Han, C."ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 2 (2026): 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2095
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen D, Chen X, Tian Y, Wang K and Han C: ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells. Biomed Rep 24: 22, 2026.
APA
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., & Han, C. (2026). ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells. Biomedical Reports, 24, 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2095
MLA
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., Han, C."ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells". Biomedical Reports 24.2 (2026): 22.
Chicago
Chen, D., Chen, X., Tian, Y., Wang, K., Han, C."ERp46 mitigates lipotoxic ER stress to preserve GLUT2 expression and insulin secretion in &beta;‑cells". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 2 (2026): 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2095
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