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Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation

  • Authors:
    • Linkai Li
    • Zhen Liang
    • Long Fan
    • Yajun Cao
    • Xiufu Tang
    • Jihui Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Rheumatology, Zhuhai Women and Children's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 25
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    Published online on: December 4, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2098
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Abstract

Epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis are well‑established biological outcomes of TGFβ‑mediated signaling. Rabeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), has been widely used as a first‑line therapy for H. pylori infection. However, the possible role of rabeprazole in fibrosis remains unclear. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were used to analyze gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation (IP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were performed to identify the mechanism underlying rabeprazole‑modulated fibrosis. Plasmid transfection was conducted to rescue the experiments. In the present study, EMT inhibition was observed in gastric epithelial cells, including AGS and GES‑1 cells, in response to rabeprazole treatment. Specifically, stimulation with rabeprazole 100 µM caused an upregulation of transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ (TIF1γ) expression, leading to a decrease in fibronectin (FN) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) expression, whereas no significant variation was observed in the expression of α‑smooth muscle actin expression. Moreover, depletion of TIF1γ expression largely blocked the influence of rabeprazole on Col1a1 and FN expression. Mechanistically, the IP analysis showed that endogenous SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) interacted with TIF1γ, and this interaction was enhanced in response to rabeprazole, which further inhibited SMAD3 linker phosphorylation and nuclear translocation as evidenced through subcellular fractionation experiments. Overall, the present findings reveal a previously unrecognized antifibrotic activity of rabeprazole. These findings enriched the biological function of rabeprazole and highlight a novel regulatory mechanism underlying its antifibrotic activity. 
View Figures

Figure 1

Rabeprazole inhibits fibrosis. After
treatment with or without rabeprazole stimulation for 24 h at
indicated concertations in (A) GES-1 and (B) AGS-1 cells, reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR was conducted to analyze gene
expression. Data was displayed as the mean ± SD and quantified by
one-way ANOVA, followed by the Dunnett's post hoc test for
significance against 0 µM. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001; n=3. (C)
GES-1 and (D) AGS cells were treated as previosuly described in (A
and B). The total cells were harvested to detect the indicated
protein levels. The quantitation of bands was analyzed using
one-way ANOVA, followed by the Dunnett's post hoc test for
significance against 0 µM. **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001; n=3. FN,
fibronectin; Col1a1, collagen type I alpha 1 chain; α-SMA, α-smooth
muscle actin.

Figure 2

TIF1γ is essential for
rabeprazole-modulated ECM. (A) GES-1 and (B) AGS cells were treated
with or without rabeprazole for 48 h, and the expression of TIF1γ
mRNA was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Data
are shown as the mean ± SD and quantified by one sample t-test for
significance against 0 µM. ***P<0.001; n=3. (C)
Western blotting was used to detect the protein level of TIF1γ in
AGS cells in the absence or presence of rabeprazole for 48 h, and
the bands were quantified and analyzed using one sample t-test.
Data are displayed as the mean ± SD. ****P<0.0001;
n=3. (D) TIF1γ promoter plasmid combined with Renilla
plasmid were co-transfected into AGS cell for 24 h, followed by
treatment with or without rabeprazole for another 24 h. Relative
light units were measured using the dual-luciferase reporter assay
system according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data are
displayed as the mean ± SD and quantified by two sample t-test for
significance against 0 µM. **P<0.01; n=3. (E)
Following transfection with pooled shTIF1γ plasmids overnight, AGS
cells were treated with or without rabeprazole for another 48 h,
and the bands were quantified and analyzed using one sample t-test.
**P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001; n=3. TIF1γ,
transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ; FN, fibronectin; Col1a1,
collagen type I alpha 1 chain.

Figure 3

Rabeprazole modulates SMAD3
phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. (A) GES-1 and AGS cells
were treated with or without rabeprazole for 1 h, and the
phosphorylation of SMAD3 linker was detected by immunoblotting.
(B-E) The band intensities were quantified and analyzed by one
sample t-test. Data are shown as the mean ± SD.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001, n=3. (F) Left panel: The subcellular
fraction was isolated using nuclear and cytoplasmic protein
extraction kit according to manufacturer's instructions. The SMAD3
level was detected by western blotting, α-tubulin and lamin A/C
were used as cytosolic and nuclear internal controls. Right panel:
IF analysis of SMAD3 in AGS cells treated with or without
rabeprazole for 1 h. Scale bar, 100 µm. SMAD3, SMAD family member
3; IF, immunofluorescence; phospho, phosphorylated.

Figure 4

Rabeprazole modulates the TIF1γ/SMAD3
complex. (A) Following overnight serum starvation, AGS cells were
treated with or without rabeprazole for 1 h, and an IP experiment
with anti-SMAD3 or IgG was performed. Immunoblotting was employed
to analyze the indicated protein expression levels. (B-E) Band
intensities were quantified and the differences were analyzed. Data
are shown as the mean ± SD and determined using one sample t-test;
*P<0.05 and **P<0.01; n=3. TIF1γ,
transcriptional intermediary factor 1γ; SMAD3, SMAD family member
3; IP, immunoprecipitation.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li L, Liang Z, Fan L, Cao Y, Tang X and Chen J: Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation. Biomed Rep 24: 25, 2026.
APA
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., & Chen, J. (2026). Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation. Biomedical Reports, 24, 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2098
MLA
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., Chen, J."Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation". Biomedical Reports 24.2 (2026): 25.
Chicago
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., Chen, J."Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 2 (2026): 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2098
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Li L, Liang Z, Fan L, Cao Y, Tang X and Chen J: Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation. Biomed Rep 24: 25, 2026.
APA
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., & Chen, J. (2026). Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation. Biomedical Reports, 24, 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2098
MLA
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., Chen, J."Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation". Biomedical Reports 24.2 (2026): 25.
Chicago
Li, L., Liang, Z., Fan, L., Cao, Y., Tang, X., Chen, J."Rabeprazole attenuates fibrosis by modulating SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 2 (2026): 25. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.2098
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