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Article Open Access

Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba

  • Authors:
    • Fatima F. Al‑Jamal
    • Razan Ataallah Abuassaf
    • Osama H. Abusara
    • Malek Zihlif
    • Ahmad A. Deeb
    • Mamoon M.D. Al‑Rshaidat

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al‑Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
    Copyright: © Al‑Jamal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 44
    |
    Published online on: February 9, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2117
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Abstract

The urgent need for new antibiotics to counter bacterial resistance has led to renewed interest in marine natural products. The present study evaluated the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts from three deep‑sea sponges: Stelletta sp., Dactylospongia cf. elegans (D. cf. elegans) and Axinella sp., which were collected from the Gulf of Aqaba off the coast of Jordan. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria using the well diffusion method, followed by determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Only D. cf. elegans exhibited potent activity, which was limited to Gram‑positive bacteria and showed inhibition zones of 7 to 21 mm and MIC and MBC values of 1 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Stelletta sp. showed no detectable activity, and Axinella sp. displayed minimal effects. DNA barcoding (28S rRNA) confirmed that all three species belong to the class Demospongiae. LC‑MS/MS analysis of the extract from D. cf. elegans identified bioactive constituents, including bolinaquinone, dactyloquinone, gallic acid and caffeic acid, which are compounds known for antibacterial properties and likely contributed to the observed activity. Thus, D. cf. elegans could be a promising source of antibacterial agents against Gram‑positive pathogens and warrants further evaluation of the mechanisms involved, its toxicity, and its effects in vivo.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Al‑Jamal FF, Abuassaf RA, Abusara OH, Zihlif M, Deeb AA and Al‑Rshaidat MM: Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Biomed Rep 24: 44, 2026.
APA
Al‑Jamal, F.F., Abuassaf, R.A., Abusara, O.H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A.A., & Al‑Rshaidat, M.M. (2026). Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Biomedical Reports, 24, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2117
MLA
Al‑Jamal, F. F., Abuassaf, R. A., Abusara, O. H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A. A., Al‑Rshaidat, M. M."Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba". Biomedical Reports 24.4 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Al‑Jamal, F. F., Abuassaf, R. A., Abusara, O. H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A. A., Al‑Rshaidat, M. M."Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 4 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2117
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Al‑Jamal FF, Abuassaf RA, Abusara OH, Zihlif M, Deeb AA and Al‑Rshaidat MM: Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Biomed Rep 24: 44, 2026.
APA
Al‑Jamal, F.F., Abuassaf, R.A., Abusara, O.H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A.A., & Al‑Rshaidat, M.M. (2026). Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Biomedical Reports, 24, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2117
MLA
Al‑Jamal, F. F., Abuassaf, R. A., Abusara, O. H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A. A., Al‑Rshaidat, M. M."Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba". Biomedical Reports 24.4 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Al‑Jamal, F. F., Abuassaf, R. A., Abusara, O. H., Zihlif, M., Deeb, A. A., Al‑Rshaidat, M. M."Ethanolic extracts from deep marine sponges: A new frontier in antibacterial discovery from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 4 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2117
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