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Article Open Access

Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

  • Authors:
    • Yongzhong Wei
    • Mingze Gu
    • Yuqing Ren
    • Zhongshuang Hu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedicine, School of Food and Pharmacy, Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University, Shanghai 201514, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 47
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    Published online on: February 13, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2120
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Abstract

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), also known as glycated hemoglobin, is a cornerstone biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes. While high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the reference standard, point‑of‑care (POC) devices are increasingly used due to convenience and rapid results. However, concerns remain about their analytical accuracy. This systematic review and meta‑analysis evaluated the agreement between POC HbA1c devices and laboratory HPLC‑based methods. A total of 11 studies involving 1,593 participants and 3,285 paired measurements were included. The pooled mean difference between POC and HPLC was 0.01% [95% confidence interval (CI), ‑0.08 to 0.11%; 95% prediction interval (PI), ‑0.443 to 0.471%; P=0.779], well within the clinically acceptable margin of ±0.5%. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed and extensive subgroup analyses across device model, analytical principle, and study characteristics did not fully explain this variability. Notably, some platforms, such as lateral flow immunoassays, exhibited larger biases approaching thresholds relevant to clinical decision‑making. Although most POC devices demonstrated acceptable agreement, results highlight the importance of careful validation and interpretation. Future research should prioritize standardized protocols, comparative studies across platforms, and assessment in real‑world decentralized settings to enhance confidence in POC HbA1c measurement.
View Figures

Figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram. PRISMA flow
diagram summarizing the identification, screening, eligibility
assessment, de-duplication, and final inclusion of studies
comparing POC HbA1c devices with laboratory-based HPLC. The search
covered four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and
Cochrane Library) from January 2015 to April 2025, with
English-language restrictions. Reasons for exclusion at the
full-text stage are reported in the diagram. POC, point-of-care;
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.

Figure 2

Forest plot overall. Forest plot
displaying the mean difference in % HbA1c (POC-HPLC) with
corresponding 95% CI for each device comparison. Estimates were
synthesized using a random-effects model fitted with REML and
Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Study weights are shown, and individual
comparisons are ordered by mean bias. The pooled effect is
presented with its 95% CI and 95% PI. Heterogeneity statistics,
including I2 and τ2, are reported within the
figure [Q (df=19)=1,810.74]. HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; POC,
point-of-care; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; REML,
restricted maximum likelihood; CI, confidence interval; PI,
prediction interval.

Figure 3

Subgroup by POC device model. Forest
plot of mean difference in % HbA1c (POC-HPLC) with 95% CI, pooled
within each POC device model and ordered by subgroup mean bias.
Subgroup estimates were generated using a random-effects model
fitted with REML and Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Corresponding
heterogeneity statistics for each subgroup are reported in Table SIV. POC, point-of-care; HbA1c,
hemoglobin A1c; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; CI,
confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum likelihood.

Figure 4

Subgroup by POC analytical principle.
Forest plot of mean difference in % HbA1c (POC-HPLC) with 95% CI,
pooled within each analytical principle of POC devices and ordered
by subgroup mean bias. Subgroup estimates were generated using a
random-effects model fitted with REML and Hartung-Knapp adjustment.
Corresponding heterogeneity statistics for each subgroup are
reported in Table SIV. POC,
point-of-care; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HPLC, high-performance liquid
chromatography; CI, confidence interval; REML, restricted maximum
likelihood.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wei Y, Gu M, Ren Y and Hu Z: Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Biomed Rep 24: 47, 2026.
APA
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., & Hu, Z. (2026). Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Biomedical Reports, 24, 47. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2120
MLA
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., Hu, Z."Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Biomedical Reports 24.4 (2026): 47.
Chicago
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., Hu, Z."Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 4 (2026): 47. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2120
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Wei Y, Gu M, Ren Y and Hu Z: Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Biomed Rep 24: 47, 2026.
APA
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., & Hu, Z. (2026). Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Biomedical Reports, 24, 47. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2120
MLA
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., Hu, Z."Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Biomedical Reports 24.4 (2026): 47.
Chicago
Wei, Y., Gu, M., Ren, Y., Hu, Z."Comparison of point‑of‑care HbA1c devices with laboratory HPLC methods: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Biomedical Reports 24, no. 4 (2026): 47. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2026.2120
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