Prediction of response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients through interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 ratio
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 5, 2012 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2012.634
- Pages: 459-464
Abstract
Introduction
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is considered more effective than intravesical chemotherapy and is advocated as the first treatment choice in patients with carcinoma in situ or with pT1G3 (1). However, not all patients benefit from intravesical BCG (2). In fact, 30–50% of patients undergoing intravesical BCG treatment have recurring tumours following therapy (3–5), with common side-effects that can be life threatening (6). Patients refractory to BCG therapy are subjected to salvage cystectomy as standard treatment (2), though may show a poor prognosis (7). Therefore, the patient failing BCG therapy is a challenge to the urologist and predictors of BCG response should be investigated (2). Although several authors have proposed molecular markers to predict the clinical outcome of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) following treatment with intravesical BCG (8–9), no marker has yet proven to be valid in everyday clinical practice (2). Zhang et al demonstrated the induction of cytokine production by BCG, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) (10). Recently, Luo et al showed the inhibitory role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in BCG-induced macrophage cytotoxicity, suggesting that the blockage of IL-10 may potentially enhance the effect of BCG in the treatment of bladder cancer patients (11). Chen et al demonstrated that BCG increases IL-6 messenger RNA and protein in a time-and dose-dependent manner via an immediate early pathway (12). Furthermore, we highlighted the feasible role of IL-6 and IL-10 ratio (IL-6/IL-10) as a prognostic marker of recurrence in patients affected by NMIBC (9). Urinary interleukins could consequently be used as prognosticators to better assess the outcome of NMIBC patients following BCG therapy. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of IL-6/IL-10 in predicting patient response to BCG therapy.
Materials and methods
Study design
To evaluate the prognostic role of urinary IL-6/IL-10, all consecutive patients who had undergone transurethral resection of bladder tumours (TUR-BT) at the same urological unit (Department of Urology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy) between January 2005 and May 2006 were selected for this prospective study. As controls, 49 subjects were enrolled from among patients attending the clinic in the same period for other non-malignant urological diseases. Since this study was designed to establish the role of IL-6/IL-10 as a predictor of the response to BCG and not as a diagnostic tool, patients with other urological malignant diseases were excluded. Outcome measures were time to first recurrence following treatment and recurrence rate. Disease progression was not included among the main outcomes due to the small number of patients who experienced stage or grade progression, though these data are reported in Results. Response to BCG was confirmed by negative urinary cytology and cystoscopy after 6 months’ follow-up (13). According to Herr and Dalbagni, patients were defined as BCG-refractory if the recurrence occurred within 6 months of starting BCG treatment (14). Urine samples for the urine dipstick test and interleukin analyses were collected before TUR-BT and 6 subsequent weekly BCG instillations. Depending on laboratory results, all patients enrolled in the study were divided into 2 groups: group A with IL-6/IL-10 ≤0.09 and group B with IL-6/IL-10 >0.10. The controls constituted group C. Follow-up data were compared and analysed. Patients with no further information available at follow-up were excluded from the study. The local research ethics committee approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Eligibility for the study
Inclusion criteria were the presence of cystoscopically demonstrated bladder tumours, normal pre-operative blood tests and compliance with instillation and follow-up schedules. We enrolled only patients affected by high-risk NMIBC, according to the European Association of Urology Guidelines criteria (13). Exclusion criteria were evidence of locally infiltrative or metastatic bladder tumours (pT ≥2), presence of upper urinary tract tumours, lesions that could not be completely removed transurethrally and presence of other neoplastic, lower urinary tract or major concomitant diseases. Patients who had undergone surgery for benign prostatic obstruction at the same time as surgical treatment for NMIBC were also excluded, along with patients with histologically documented urothelial carcinoma in situ. Only those with a tumour recurrence of the same stage and grade of the initial tumour at diagnosis were enrolled. We enrolled only patients with recurrent urothelial cancer in order to obtain a homogeneous group for analysis. Patients with histologically confirmed pT1G3 were excluded, since management decisions in these patients are critical (15). A recurrent bladder tumour within 3 months of receiving TUR-BT was also a criterion for exclusion. Patients who had previously received intravesical treatment were included, provided this treatment had been administered >6 months before TUR-BT. No patient underwent early single intravesical instillation, as suggested by Cai et al (16).
Treatment plan
At least 21 days after TUR-BT, all patients underwent weekly BCG instillations for 6 weeks (5×108 colony-forming units in 50 ml saline; OncoTice® BCG, Organon USA Inc.). In accordance with Lamm et al (17), boosters of BCG were given at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months. This protocol schedule is the current standard treatment for NMIBC (13). All patients were instructed to retain the drug solution in the bladder for 1 h.
Sample collection and storage
Urine samples were collected from each subject by using a clean catch. A spontaneous morning void urine sample was collected by the patients before TUR-BT and by the controls on enrolment. The urine sample was collected from each subject in order to obtain a basal IL-6 and IL-10 mean value. All samples were stored in aliquots at −80°C until analysis after testing for the presence of inflammatory cells or bacteriuria by using urine dipstick test for nitrites and leukocyte esterase (Multistik Pro®), as shown by Cai et al (18–19). A positive test result was indicative of urinary tract infection.
Interleukin measurements
At the time of the analysis, urine aliquots were defrosted and centrifuged for 10 min at 800 rpm and the urinary IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured in the supernatants. Natural human-produced IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were determined in the urine of all patients and controls by solid phase ELISA Quantikine IL-6 Immunoassay and IL-10 Immunoassay, respectively (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). All samples were measured in duplicate in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations (www.rndsystems.com/productdetailobjectnameQuantikine.aspx). The median minimal detectable dose of the IL-6 assay was 0.70 pg/ml and 3.9 pg/ml for IL-10. Values were considered normal if under the lowest IL-6 and IL-10 standards, 3.12 pg/ml and 7.8 pg/ml, respectively. All samples were tested in duplicate by using independent analysis to avoid errors.
IL-6/IL-10
The IL-6 to IL-10 ratio was calculated as a fraction between urinary IL-6 and IL-10 values, expressed as a number or fraction ranging from 0 to 1. The cut-off value was determined according to Cai et al (9).
Histopathology
Tumour stage and grade were classified following the 1998 WHO classification and the 2002 TNM classification of malignant tumours, as defined by the International Union Against Cancer. A single genito-urinary pathologist performed the pathological evaluation.
Patient follow-up
Each patient underwent urinary cytology, ultrasonography and cystoscopy every 3 months for the first 12 months following TUR and then every 6 months. Recurrence was determined by papillary formations protruding into the bladder lumen and detected on cystoscopy, or by the presence of neoplastic tissue diagnosed following vesical biopsy. Every recurrence was pathologically confirmed. Time to the first recurrence was defined as the time from randomisation to the date of the first recurrence. Progression was defined as an increase in tumour stage or grade (13).
Statistical analysis
As the null hypothesis, we assumed that there was no difference among the groups in terms of recurrence-free time or recurrence rate and that the IL-6/IL-10 had no impact on predicting the response to BCG therapy. The Fisher’s exact test and the Chi-square χ2 test were used to assess the significance of all parameters, and p<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were also used to evaluate survival in NMIBC cases. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the probability of survival for Kaplan-Meier estimates. The Mann-Whitney test was also used to compare different parameter means. Univariate and multivariate relative risk was calculated by using Cox’s proportional hazards regression. Statistical analysis was performed using StatPlus for Apple Macintosh (Analyst Soft, 2001–2009).
Results
Among 196 consecutive patients undergoing TUR-BT, 81 were enrolled, of which 72 were found to be eligible for the present study. This trial ultimately included 72 patients and 49 controls. Patient characteristics, clinical and laboratory data are described in Table I.
Results at enrolment
No patient tested positive in the urine dipstick test. IL-6 and IL-10 were 74.13 pg/ml (22.84 ± SD) and 196.28 pg/ml (36.59 ± SD), respectively, among the patients, while IL-6 and IL-10 were 3.11 pg/ml (1.13 ± SD) and 5.78 pg/ml (2.17 ± SD), respectively, in the control group. The IL-6/IL-10 mean value was 0.13 (0.13 ± SD) among the patients (Fig. 1). At the baseline, 38 out of 72 (52.7%) patients showed an IL-6/IL-10 of ≤0.09 while 34 (47.3%) showed an IL-6/IL-10 of >0.10. The IL-6/IL-10 ratio was not calculated in the control group. All patients were then split into 2 groups: 38 patients to group A (IL-6/IL-10 ≤0.09) and 34 to group B (IL-6/IL-10 >0.10). In group A the IL-6/IL-10 mean value was 0.05 (0.01 ± SD) while in group B it was 0.17 (0.11 ± SD).
Follow-up results
All patients correctly underwent BCG intravesical therapy. Nineteen patients had mild adverse effects, which did not require treatment suspension and which were cured with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. At the end of the follow-up period (mean, 53.7 months; ranging from 49 to 58 months), all patients were alive, 39 (54.1%) without recurrence, while 33 (45.9%) had at least one recurrence. Three patients showed progression in stage and/or grade: 2 pTaG2 to pT1G3 (time to progression, 8 months) and 1 pTaG1 to pT1G3.
Results according to the groups
Group A (IL-6/IL-10 ≤0.09). Among patients with IL-6/ IL-10 ≤0.09, 23 out of 38 (60.5%) showed at least one recurrence (mean, 6.2 months; ranging from 3 to 16 months), while 15 (39.5%) experienced no recurrence (mean, 13.1 months; ranging from 11 to 16 months). Among the patients with at least one recurrence at follow-up, 2 patients showed progression in stage and grade (2 pTaG2 to pT1G3).
Group B (IL-6/IL-10 >0.10). Among patients with IL-6/ IL-10 >0.10, 10 out of 34 (29.4%) showed at least one recurrence (mean, 12.3 months; ranging from 10 to 14 months) while 24 (70.6%) had no recurrence (mean, 16.1 months’ ranging 11 from to 17 months). Among the patients with at least one recurrence at follow-up, one patient showed grade progression (1 pT1G1 to pT1G3). All follow-up data pertaining to the groups are detailed in Table II.
Statistical difference between IL-6/IL-10, other clinical or pathological factors and follow-up results
No correlation between anamnestic or pathological factors and the IL-6/IL-10 value was reported. A statistically significant difference between the IL-6/IL-10 value and the response to BCG therapy (as status at follow-up) was found (p=0.016, df=1, χ2=5.800). The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant difference in terms of response to BCG between the 2 groups [p=0.003; recurrence rate (RR)=3.1; standard error (SE)=1.18] (Fig. 2).
Univariate and multivariate analysis
No clinical or anamnestic parameter had any significant impact on BCG response, as shown by univariate analysis. At multivariate analysis, the IL-6/IL-10 value (p=0.002) [IL-6/IL-10 value; hazard ratio (HR), 4.09; 95% CI, 2.59–6.28] and number of lesions (p=0.03) (3 lesions; HR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.38–3.35) were identified as independent prognostic factors of BCG response probability (Table III).
 | Table IIIMultivariate analysis results of factors affecting recurrence risk in all enrolled patients. |
Discussion
In his review on the management of BCG failures in NMIBC patients, Witjes stated that the response to BCG therapy cannot be accurately predicted on an individual basis (2). In previous years, however, several molecular markers, such as urinary cytokines (20), p53 and pRb expression (6) and loss of heterozygosis on INF-α locus (9), have been proposed as prognosticators of BCG response, even if their clinical usefulness remains to be proven (2). Cai et al recently demonstrated that IL-6/IL-10 predicts the risk of recurrence in NMIBC patients (9). In the present study, we have shown that IL-6/IL-10 is an independent prognostic factor of BCG response probability. The rationale of this approach is based on the fact that IL-6 and IL-10 are cytokines overexpressed in bladder carcinoma, and with a role in the interaction between cancer cells and the evironment (21). IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine produced by cells in response to several inflammatory conditions (22) and has been recognised as a growth factor for the final maturation of B cells and the differentiation of T cells (23). IL-6 is crucial in supporting systemic host response to tissue injury (24). Mulé et al described the anti-tumour effect of IL-6 on lung cancer in mice, confirming that the induction of host immunological response is central in the reaction to cancer (25). Moreover, several studies have demonstrated that IL-10 has the physiological role of downregulating cell-mediated immunity, resulting in the improvement of tumour immune escape (26). Nadler et al reported that IL-10 is an important modulator of immune-mediated events in vivo and suggested that efforts to downmodulate this inhibitory cytokine may be of therapeutic value (27). The theory that IL-6/IL-10 is a good prognostic marker for use in clinical practice was based on the following reasons: i) high levels of IL-10, with consequent decrease in IL-6/IL-10, indicate tumour immunosuppression, eliminating the ability of immunocompetent cells to respond to the tumour (26); ii) IL-10 is known to be a promoter of immune dysregulation, with the enhancement of Th2 cells (27). Indeed, patients with bladder cancer appear to develop a Th2 dominant status with a deficient-type immune response due to an increase in IL-10 levels (27). This immune dysregulation should be proved by altered IL-6/IL-10; iii) the decrease in IL-6 levels and increase in IL-10 levels are evidence of an altered host immune response to the tumour, confirmed by cell activation due to BCG (26). The release of immunosuppressive IL-10 during BCG therapy reduces inflammation and anticancer response (28). In addition, IL-6 and IL-10 are promoters of two different immune response pathways, i.e. Th1 and Th2, and allow the evaluation of host immunological response to the tumour (26,29). The present study, even though conducive for a better understanding of the correlation between urothelial bladder cancer cells and the host immune system, had a number of limitations that should be taken into account. First of all, the number of the patients enrolled was small, even if a statistical significance was obtained. Secondly, a group of patients undergoing alternative intravesical therapies, i.e. mitomycin or epirubicin, was lacking. Future studies are mandatory to confirm the present findings.
The current study highlights the role of IL-6/IL-10 in predicting the response to BCG therapy in NMIBC patients. We put forward the feasibility and usefulness of IL-6/IL-10 as a clinical marker, in association with traditional clinico-pathological factors, in planning a more appropriate follow-up schedule for NMIBC patients.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Professor John Denton for manuscript language revision and to all members of the Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital STDs Center, for their excellent laboratory assistance.
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