Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 7 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 7 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis

  • Authors:
    • Chuantao Suo
    • Libo Sun
    • Shuang Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiology, Daqing General Hospital Group Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
  • Pages: 109-116
    |
    Published online on: October 23, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1359
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Alpinetin is a natural flavonoid that protects cells against fatal injury in ischemia‑reperfusion. δ receptor activation protects myocardial cells from trauma; however, the mechanism is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the function of alpinetin in δ receptor‑mediated myocardial apoptosis. The myocardial cells of newly born rats were cultivated and myocardial apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation. The MTT method was used to evaluate cell viability and Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to analyze apoptosis. The expression levels of opioid receptor mRNA and protein were tested using reverse transcription‑polymerase reaction (RT‑PCR) and western blot assays. In addition, an opioid receptor antagonist, as well as protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors, were used to determine the inferred signaling pathway. The results showed that that alpinetin reduced the myocardial apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in a concentration‑dependent manner. However, the protection conferred to the myocardial cells by alpinetin was blocked by the δ opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole, as well as by PKC and ERK inhibitors (GF109203X and U0126, respectively). In addition, it was shown that alpinetin was able to maintain the stability of the mitochondrial membrane potential, lower the level of intracytoplasmic cytochrome c and reduce Bax displacement from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. It was concluded that alpinetin was able to activate δ receptors to induce the endogenous protection of myocardial cells via the PKC/ERK signaling pathway.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Kerr JF, Wyllie AH and Currie AR: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 26:239–257. 1972. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Thompson CB: Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science. 267:1456–1462. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, Babior BM and Engler RL: Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest. 94:1621–1628. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Wang ZT, Lau CW, Chan FL, Yao X, Chen ZY, He ZD and Huang Y: Vasorelaxant effects of cardamonin and alpinetin from Alpinia henryi K. Schum. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 37:596–606. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

He W, Li Y, Xue C, Hu Z, Chen X and Sheng F: Effect of Chinese medicine alpinetin on the structure of human serum albumin. Bioorg Med Chem. 13:1837–1845. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

He W, Li Y, Tang J, Luan F, Jin J and Hu Z: Comparison of the characterization on binding of alpinetin and cardamonin to lysozyme by spectroscopic methods. Int J Biol Macromol. 39:165–173. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tang J, Li N, Dai H and Wang K: Chemical constituents from seeds of Alpinia katsumadai, inhibition on NF-kappaB activation and anti-tumor effect. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 35:1710–1714. 2010.(In Chinese).

8 

Feng Y, He X, Yang Y, Chao D, Lazarus LH and Xia Y: Current research on opioid receptor function. Curr Drug Targets. 13:230–246. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wang D, Wang H, Wu G, Yang Y, Yang J, Liu C and Wong TM: Protein kinase C mediates the effects of delta-opioid receptor stimulation on survival and apoptosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes cultured in serum-deprived condition. Pharmazie. 64:466–471. 2009.

10 

Maslov LN, Barzakh EI, Krylatov AV, Chernysheva GA, Krieg T, Solenkova NV, Lishmanov AY, Cybulnikov SY and Zhang Y: Opioid peptide deltorphin II simulates the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning: role of δ2-opioid receptors, protein kinase C, and K(ATP) channels. Bull Exp Biol Med. 149:591–593. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang S, Duan Y, Su D, Li W, Tan J, Yang D, Wang W, Zhao Z and Wang X: Delta opioid peptide (D-Ala2, D-Leu5) enkephalin (DADLE) triggers postconditioning against transient forebrain ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol. 658:140–144. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Aitchison KA, Baxter GF, Awan MM, Smith RM, Yellon DM and Opie LH: Opposing effects on infarction of delta and kappa opioid receptor activation in the isolated rat heart: implications for ischemic preconditioning. Basic Res Cardiol. 95:1–11. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Schultz JJ, Hsu AK and Gross GJ: Ischemic preconditioning and morphine-induced cardioprotection involve the delta (delta)-opioid receptor in the intact rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 29:2187–2195. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Genade S, Moolman JA and Lochner A: Opioid receptor stimulation acts as mediator of protection in ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc J S Afr. 12:8–16. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Miki T, Cohen MV and Downey JM: Opioid receptor contributes to ischemic preconditioning through protein kinase C activation in rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem. 186:3–12. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lopez-Ilasaca M, Crespo P, Pellici PG, Gutkind JS and Wetzker R: Linkage of G protein-coupled receptors to the MAPK signaling pathway through PI 3-kinase gamma. Science. 275:394–397. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Polakiewicz RD, Schieferl SM, Gingras AC, Sonenberg N and Comb MJ: mu-Opioid receptor activates signaling pathways implicated in cell survival and translational control. J Biol Chem. 273:23534–23541. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zhang Z, Xin SM, Wu GX, Zhang WB, Ma L and Pei G: Endogenous delta-opioid and ORL1 receptors couple to phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAPK in NG108-15 cells and this is regulated by protein kinase A and protein kinase C. J Neurochem. 73:1502–1509. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wilson MA, Burt AR, Milligan G and Anderson NG: Mitogenic signalling by delta opioid receptors expressed in rat-1 fibroblasts involves activation of the p70s6k/p85s6k S6 kinase. Biochem J. 325:217–222. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Fukuda K, Kato S, Morikawa H, Shoda T and Mori K: Functional coupling of the delta-, mu-, and kappa-opioid receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinase and arachidonate release in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Neurochem. 67:1309–1316. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang S, Huang X, Li Y, Lao H, Zhang Y, Dong H, Xu W, Li JL and Li M: RN181 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway. Hepatology. 53:1932–1942. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hayashi T, Tsao LI and Su TP: Antiapoptotic and cytotoxic properties of delta opioid peptide [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin in PC12 cells. Synapse. 43:86–94. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Bilecki W, Zapart G, Ligeza A, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Urbański MJ and Przewłocki R: Regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases following acute and chronic opioid treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci. 62:2369–2375. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Tang B, Zhao L, Liang R, Zhang Y and Wang L: Magnetic nanoparticles: an improved method for mitochondrial isolation. Mol Med Rep. 5:1271–1276. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Akhlaghi M and Bandy B: Preconditioning and acute effects of flavonoids in protecting cardiomyocytes from oxidative cell death. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012:7823212012.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sato Y, Itagaki S, Oikawa S, Ogura J, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Sugawara M and Iseki K: Protective effect of soy isoflavone genistein on ischemia-reperfusion in the rat small intestine. Biol Pharm Bull. 34:1448–1454. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Chan E, Liu XX, Guo DJ, Kwan YW, Leung GP, Lee SM and Chan SW: Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root exerts protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Chin Med. 39:693–704. 2011.

28 

Fisher SA, Langille BL and Srivastava D: Apoptosis during cardiovascular development. Circ Res. 87:856–864. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Tanaka M, Ito H, Adachi S, Akimoto H, Nishikawa T, Kasajima T, Marumo F and Hiroe M: Hypoxia induces apoptosis with enhanced expression of Fas antigen messenger RNA in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 75:426–433. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Goyeneche AA, Harmon JM and Telleria CM: Cell death induced by serum deprivation in luteal cells involves the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Reproduction. 131:103–111. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zimlichman R, Gefel D, Eliahou H, Matas Z, Rosen B, Gass S, Ela C, Eilam Y, Vogel Z and Barg J: Expression of opioid receptors during heart ontogeny in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Circulation. 93:1020–1025. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Su TP: Delta opioid peptide [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin promotes cell survival. J Biomed Sci. 7:195–199. 2000.

33 

Kim H, Lee SW, Park JS, Min JH and Kim HK: Genomic analysis of [d-Ala2, d-Leu5] enkephalin preconditioning in cortical neuron and glial cell injury after oxygen deprivation. Brain Res. 1447:91–105. 2012.

34 

Xin W, Yang X, Rich TC, Krieg T, Barrington R, Cohen MV and Downey JM: All preconditioning-related G protein-coupled receptors can be demonstrated in the rabbit cardiomyocyte. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 17:190–198. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhao M, Wang HX, Yang J, Su YH, Su RJ and Wong TM: delta-Opioid receptor stimulation enhances the growth of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 35:97–102. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Olianas A and Onali P: δ-Opioid receptors stimulate the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase through coincident signaling with G(q/11)-coupled receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 81:154–165. 2012.

37 

Pateliya BB, Singh N and Jaggi AS: Possible role of opioids and KATP channels in neuroprotective effect of postconditioning in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 31:1755–1760. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Tang B, Zhang Y, Liang R, Yuan P, Du J, Wang H and Wang L: Activation of the δ-opioid receptor inhibits serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of human liver cells via the activation of PKC and the mitochondrial pathway. Int J Mol Med. 28:1077–1085. 2011.

39 

Saberi B, Shinohara M, Ybanez MD, Hanawa N, Gaarde WA, Kaplowitz N and Han D: Regulation of H2O2-induced necrosis by PKC and AMP-activated kinase signaling in primary cultured hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 295:C50–C63. 2008.

40 

Molè D, Gentilin E, Gagliano T, Tagliati F, Bondanelli M, Pelizzo MR, Rossi M, Filieri C, Pansini G, degli Uberti EC and Zatelli MC: Protein kinase C: a putative new target for the control of human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro. Endocrinology. 153:2088–2098. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Wickley PJ, Ding X, Murray PA and Damron DS: Propofol-induced activation of protein kinase C isoforms in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Anesthesiology. 104:970–977. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ali AS, Ali S, El-Rayes BF, Philip PA and Sarkar FH: Exploitation of protein kinase C: a useful target for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 35:1–8. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Kao HH, Wu CJ, Won SJ, Shin JW, Liu HS and Su CL: Kinase gene expression and subcellular protein expression pattern of protein kinase C isoforms in curcumin-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 66:136–142. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Tsao LI and Su TP: Hibernation-induction peptide and cell death: (D-Ala2,D-Leu5)enkephalin blocks Bax-related apoptotic processes. Eur J Pharmacol. 428:149–151. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Suo C, Sun L and Yang S: Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 7: 109-116, 2014.
APA
Suo, C., Sun, L., & Yang, S. (2014). Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1359
MLA
Suo, C., Sun, L., Yang, S."Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.1 (2014): 109-116.
Chicago
Suo, C., Sun, L., Yang, S."Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 1 (2014): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1359
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Suo C, Sun L and Yang S: Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 7: 109-116, 2014.
APA
Suo, C., Sun, L., & Yang, S. (2014). Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1359
MLA
Suo, C., Sun, L., Yang, S."Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.1 (2014): 109-116.
Chicago
Suo, C., Sun, L., Yang, S."Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and µ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 1 (2014): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1359
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team