Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 7 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 7 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ting Zhang
    • Xiangdong Zhou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
  • Pages: 763-767
    |
    Published online on: January 21, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1494
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Airway mucus hypersecretion is a significant clinical and pathological feature of chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Its clinical presentations include recurrent coughing and phlegm. Airway mucus is closely associated with the occurrence, development and prognosis of chronic inflammatory airway diseases and critically affects the lung function, quality of life, hospitalization rate and mortality of patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Therefore, expectorant therapies targeting the potential mechanisms of mucus hypersecretion have been the focus of numerous studies. Conventional expectorants are mainly mucoactive medicines, including nausea‑stimulating expectorants, mucolytics, mucokinetics, and proteases and nucleases. In addition, certain traditional Chinese herbal medicines and non‑mucoactive agents, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists and macrolide antibiotics, have also shown expectorant effects. Several novel medicines for expectorant therapy have emerged, including cholesterol‑lowering statins, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase‑4 inhibitors, stanozolol, surfactants, flavonoids, tachykinin receptor antagonists, protease inhibitors, cytokine antagonists and purinergic agonists. With the increasing number of multidisciplinary studies, the effectiveness of expectorant therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases has been confirmed. Therefore, the development of novel expectorants and the standardization of expectorant therapy are the direction and focus of future studies, thus benefiting patients who have a chronic inflammatory airway disease.
View Figures
View References

1 

Lundgren JD and Shelhamer JH: Pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 85:399–417. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Rogers DF: Mucus hypersecretion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Novartis Found Symp. 234:65–83. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhou X, Tong J and Lan J: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease airway mucin molecular phenotypic studies. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis. 25:437–441. 2002.(In Chinese).

4 

Vestbo J: Epidemiological studies in mucus hypersecretion. Novartis Found Symp. 248:3–19. 277–282. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Rogers DF: Physiology of airway mucus secretion and pathophysiology of hypersecretion. Respir Care. 52:1134–1149. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Davis CW and Dickey B: Regulated airway goblet cell mucin secretion. Annu Rev Physiol. 70:487–512. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Rogers DF: Airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma: an undervalued pathology? Curr Opin Pharmacol. 4:241–250. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cerveri I and Brusasco V: Revisited role for mucus hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 19:109–112. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Burgel PR and Martin C: Mucus hypersecretion in COPD: should we only rely on symptoms? Eur Respir Rev. 19:94–96. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lai H and Rogers DF: New pharmacotherapy for airway mucus hypersecretion in asthma and COPD: targeting intracellular signaling pathways. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 23:219–231. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Rogers DF: Mucoactive agents for airway mucus hypersecretory diseases. Respir Care. 52:1176–1197. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Henke MO, Shah SA and Rubin BK: The role of airway secretions in COPD - clinical applications. COPD. 2:377–390. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Disse B: Clinical evaluation of new therapies for treatment of mucus hypersecretion in respiratory diseases. Novartis Found Symp. 248:254–276. 277–282. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Evans CM and Koo JS: Airway mucus: the good, the bad, the sticky. Pharmacol Ther. 121:332–348. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Voynow JA and Rubin BK: Mucins, mucus, and sputum. Chest. 135:505–512. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Morcillo EJ and Cortijo J: Mucus and MUC in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 12:1–6. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al: Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a cohort of young adults according to the presence of chronic cough and phlegm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 175:32–39. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Vestbo J and Hogg JC: Convergence of the epidemiology and pathology of COPD. Thorax. 61:86–88. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Delmotte P, Degroote S, Lafitte JJ, et al: Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases the expression of glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of sialylated and/or sulfated Lewis × epitopes in the human bronchial mucosa. J Biol Chem. 277:424–431. 2002.

20 

Hogg JC, Chu FS, Tan WC, et al: Survival after lung volume reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from small airway pathology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 176:454–459. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Rogers DF and Barnes PJ: Treatment of airway mucus hypersecretion. Ann Med. 38:116–125. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Barnes PJ: Current and future therapies for airway mucus hypersecretion. Novartis Found Symp. 248:237–253. 277–281. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lun Z: The market analysis of Ambroxol in China. Chinese Pharmaceutical Information. 22:23–26. 2006.(In Chinese).

24 

Beeh KM, Beier J, Esperester A and Paul LD: Antiinflammatory properties of ambroxol. Eur J Med Res. 13:557–562. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Malerba M and Ragnoli B: Ambroxol in the 21st century: pharmacological and clinical update. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 4:1119–1129. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Dekhuijzen PN and van Beurden WJ: The role for N-acetylcysteine in the management of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 1:99–106. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sadowska AM, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B and De Backer WA: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of NAC in the treatment of COPD: discordant in vitro and in vivo dose-effects: a review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 20:9–22. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Stav D and Raz M: Effect of N-acetylcysteine on air trapping in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Chest. 136:381–386. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Pela R, Calcagni AM, Subiaco S, et al: N-acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration. 66:495–500. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gerrits CM, Herings RM, Leufkens HG and Lammers JW: N-acetylcysteine reduces the risk of re-hospitalisation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 21:795–798. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Millea PJ: N-acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications. Am Fam Physician. 80:265–269. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Hooper C and Calvert J: The role for S-carboxymethylcysteine (carbocisteine) in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 3:659–669. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zheng JP, Kang J, Huang SG, et al: Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 371:2013–2018. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Yasuda H, Yamaya M, Sasaki T, et al: Carbocisteine reduces frequency of common colds and exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 54:378–380. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Tatsumi K and Fukuchi Y; PEACE Study Group. Carbocisteine improves quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 55:1884–1886. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Hauber HP and Zabel P: Emerging mucus regulating drugs in inflammatory and allergic lung disease. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 7:30–34. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Li G, Cun X, Li L and Yongqing X: Advances in studies on Platycodon grandiflorum. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 32:183–185. 2007.(In Chinese).

38 

Bin Y, Yongqing X, Rixin L, Ruojing W, Wen L, Cun Z, Ying C, Qianpeng W, Lan W and Yongyan W: Studies on expectorant compounds in volatile oil from root and rhizome of Aster tataricus. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 33:281–283. 2008.(In Chinese).

39 

Haiqing W, Hongwei K, Kang J, Jingli S, Yan L, Jun T and Shiyou Y: Antitussive, expectorant and antibacterial actions of Zhebei Zhike granules. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. 17:207–210. 2011.(In Chinese).

40 

McKay A, Leung BP, McInnes IB, et al: A novel anti-inflammatory role of simvastatin in a murine model of allergic asthma. J Immunol. 172:2903–2908. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Weitz-Schmidt G: Statins as anti-inflammatory agents. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 23:482–486. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Wang HX, Sun B, Li JQ, et al: Effect of simvastatin on airway mucus hypersecretion in rats and its molecular mechanism. Di 3 Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 30:213–215. 2008.(In Chinese).

43 

Søyseth V, Brekke PH, Smith P and Omland T: Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 29:279–283. 2007.

44 

Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, et al: Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 47:2554–2560. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Kitazaki T, Fukuda M, Soda H and Kohno S: Novel effects of gefitinib on mucin production in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; two case reports. Lung Cancer. 49:125–128. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Kitazaki T, Soda H, Doi S, et al: Gefitinib inhibits MUC5AC synthesis in mucin-secreting non-small cell lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer. 50:19–24. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Guan AY, Xu ZB, Wen FQ, Wang BD and Feng Y: Effect of gefinitib on airway mucus hypertension induced by acrolein in rats. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 39:231–234. 2008.(In Chinese).

48 

Vignola AM: PDE4 inhibitors in COPD - a more selective approach to treatment. Respir Med. 98:495–503. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Kroegel C and Foerster M: Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors as a novel approach for the treatment of respiratory disease: cilomilast. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 16:109–124. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Michalski JM, Golden G, Ikari J and Rennard SI: PDE4: a novel target in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 91:134–142. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Moretti M, Bottrighi P, Dallari R, et al; EQUALIFE Study Group. The effect of long-term treatment with erdosteine on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the EQUALIFE Study. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 30:143–152. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

52 

Marchioni CF, Polu JM, Taytard A, et al: Evaluation of efficacy and safety of erdosteine in patients affected by chronic bronchitis during an infective exacerbation phase and receiving amoxycillin as basic treatment (ECOBES, European Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis Erdosteine Study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 33:612–618. 1995.

53 

Rhee CK, Kang CM, You MB, Yoon HK, Kim YK, Kim KH, Moon HS, Park SH and Song JS: Effect of fudosteine on mucin production. Eur Respir J. 32:1195–202. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Xin S, Yi S, Zenghua X, Yong S and Gui Z: A randomized controlled trial of expectorant in patients with respiratory tract infection. Chinese Journal of New Drugs and Clinical Remedies. 25:369–372. 2006.(In Chinese).

55 

Li N, Li Q, Zhou XD, et al: The effect of quercetin on human neutrophil elastase-induced mucin5AC expression in human airway epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 14:195–201. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Wu H, Li Q, Zhou X, et al: Theaflavins extracted from black tea inhibit airway mucous hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in rats. Inflammation. 35:271–279. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Kwon SH, Nam JI, Kim SH, et al: Kaempferol and quercetin, essential ingredients in Ginkgo biloba extract, inhibit interleukin-1beta-induced MUC5AC gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Phytother Res. 23:1708–1712. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Khan S, Liu YC, Khawaja AM, et al: Effect of the long-acting tachykinin NK(1) receptor antagonist MEN 11467 on tracheal mucus secretion in allergic ferrets. Br J Pharmacol. 132:189–196. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Shao MX and Nadel JA: Neutrophil elastase induces MUC5AC mucin production in human airway epithelial cells via a cascade involving protein kinase C, reactive oxygen species, and TNF-alpha-converting enzyme. J Immunol. 15:4009–4016. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Chughtai B and O’Riordan TG: Potential role of inhibitors of neutrophil elastase in treating diseases of the airway. J Aerosol Med. 17:289–298. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Feng L, Zhu W, Huang C and Li Y: Direct interaction of ONO-5046 with human neutrophil elastase through 1H NMR and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol. 51:196–200. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Tomiyama H, Takara I, Tokumine J and Sugahara K: Sivelestat sodium hydrate was effective for ARDS in a patient suffering from chronic rheumatoid arthritis with acute exacerbation after failing to respond to high dose steroid pulse therapy. Masui. 53:1042–1046. 2004.(In Japanese).

63 

Hubeau C, Singer M, Lagranderie M, et al: Extended freeze-dried Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin induces the release of interleukin-12 but not tumour necrosis factor-α by alveolar macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Exp Allergy. 33:386–393. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

64 

Cheng G, Arima M, Honda K, et al: Anti-interleukin-9 antibody treatment inhibits airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mouse asthma model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166:409–416. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Tomkinson A, Tepper J, Morton M, Bowden A, Stevens L, Harris P, Lindell D, Fitch N, Gundel R and Getz EB: Inhaled vs subcutaneous effects of a dual IL-4/IL-13 antagonist in a monkey model of asthma. Allergy. 65:69–77. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Cook ML and Bochner BS: Update on biological therapeutics for asthma. World Allergy Organ J. 3:188–94. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

67 

Sabater JR, Mao YM, Shaffer C, et al: Aerosolization of P2Y(2)-receptor agonists enhances mucociliary clearance in sheep. J Appl Physiol (1985). 87:2191–2196. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

68 

Yerxa BR, Sabater JR, Davis CW, et al: Pharmacology of INS37217 [P(1)-(uridine 5′)-P(4)- (2′-deoxycytidine 5′)tetraphosphate, tetrasodium salt], a next-generation P2Y(2) receptor agonist for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 302:871–880. 2002.

69 

Kellerman DJ: P2Y(2) receptor agonists: a new class of medication targeted at improved mucociliary clearance. Chest. 121(5 Suppl): 201S–205S. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Poole P, Black PN and Cates CJ: Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8:CD0012872012.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang T and Zhou X: Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 7: 763-767, 2014.
APA
Zhang, T., & Zhou, X. (2014). Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 763-767. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1494
MLA
Zhang, T., Zhou, X."Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.4 (2014): 763-767.
Chicago
Zhang, T., Zhou, X."Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 4 (2014): 763-767. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1494
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang T and Zhou X: Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 7: 763-767, 2014.
APA
Zhang, T., & Zhou, X. (2014). Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 7, 763-767. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1494
MLA
Zhang, T., Zhou, X."Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7.4 (2014): 763-767.
Chicago
Zhang, T., Zhou, X."Clinical application of expectorant therapy in chronic inflammatory airway diseases (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 7, no. 4 (2014): 763-767. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2014.1494
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team