Preventive effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on vascular restenosis after balloon angioplasty

Introduction

Angioplasty is an effective method to arteriosclerosis. Restenosis (RS) is a common adverse event of angioplasty, which is a complicated formation. In the present study, the preventive effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on RS were observed. In addition, the effects of bFGF administration on endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation were analyzed during angiopoiesis.

Materials and methods

Animals

A total of 40 male experimental dogs (weight, 12.5 kg) were fed a specific diet each morning (cholesterol, 5 g, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; fat, 15 g, Sigma-Aldrich; egg yolk, 50 g; common mixed feed, 500 g). After 3 weeks, the animals were administered 0.5 mg/kg chloral hydrate (Medical Isotopes, Inc., Pelham, NH, USA) diluted in 10% alcohol (Anyang General Chemical Co., Ltd., Anyang, China) via an intravenous drip. Following endotracheal intubation, a breathing apparatus was connected to perform ventilation. Animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (25 μg/kg−1/min, Betaphase Chemicalz, New York, NY, USA) and flaccidity was sustained with suxamethonium chloride (25 μg/kg−1/min, Chemical Point UG, Deisenhofen, Germany). Lidocaine (Changzhou Longterm Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changzhou, China) was used to lower the heart rate and avoid arrhythmia. The femoral artery and vein were dissected, arterial pressure was determined and fluid replacement was maintained through the femoral vein. Following right iliac endarterectomy (size, 30 mm; Takumi balloon, Schneider Corporation, Indianapolis, IN, USA), the animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 15 weeks. The study was performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institute of Health. The animal use protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, (Nanjing, China).

Level of atherosclerotic stenosis

In total, 10 dogs were used to examine the level of atherosclerotic stenosis in the iliac arteries. In order to maintain the size, the iliac arteries were perfused with 4% polyoxymethylene (Ticona GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (Lorad Chemical Corporation, Petersburg, VA, USA) for 40 min with a constant pressure of 25.0 kPa through a duct from the right carotid artery to the abdominal aorta. Subsequently, the samples were further fixed with 4% polyoxymethylene, embedded in paraffin and cut into sections. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Dudley Chemical Corp, Lakewood, NJ, USA). Images were captured to detect the cross-sectional areas of the iliac arteries on both sides and to identify atherosclerotic stenosis using a digital image analyzer (Quantiment-520; Leica, Cambridge, UK).

Balloon dilation

A balloon (size, 30 mm; Takumi) was placed at the stenosis region via the femoral artery and inflated to 706.6 kPa for 3 min. This was conducted three times consecutively at 1 min intervals and then the balloon was removed. Following angioplasty, 10 experimental dogs were randomly selected from 30 dogs. These dogs were used to analyze the instant changes of the lumen areas following angiopoiesis. The remaining 20 dogs were randomly divided into the control and bFGF groups (n=10 per group). The dogs in the bFGF group were administered 5 μg recombinant bFGF (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in 1 ml albumin (0.5%, w/v) via an intravenous drip on days 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 following angioplasty. The experimental dogs in the control group were treated with 1 ml albumin (0.5%, w/v). Dogs in the two groups were sacrificed 42 days after angioplasty to analyze the vascular reactivity and histology in vitro.

Histology

A total of 10 dogs were divided into two groups (n=5) and the samples were harvested, fixed, stained and detected as aforementioned.

In vitro vascular reactivity

Six weeks following angioplasty, iliac arteries on both sides (angiopoietic and non-angiopoietic) were harvested and divided into groups (n=5 in each group). The arteries were cut into vascular circles, 10-mm in length. The vascular circles were dipped in 40 ml K-H solution (pH 7.4; Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated in conditions of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37°C. Vascular circles were connected with the pressure translator, which was connected to a physiological recorder (VM-180G, Optical-Electric Co., Hyogo, Japan). Prior to administration, the vascular circles were stabilized for 60 min at an optimal resting tension of 4 kPa. All the arterial circles were pretreated with phenylephrine (Phe; 1×10−9–3×10−5 mol/l; Pechiney, Stamford, CT, USA), which resulted in stenosis. Following stabilization of the Phe-induced contractile response, all arterial circles were treated with endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilator. With the administration of acetylcholine (ACh; 1×10−8–3×10−5 mol/l; Angene International Limited, Hong Kong, China), the arterial circles were rinsed and stabilized at resting tension when the maximal relaxation occurred. The smooth muscle relaxant, sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 1×10−9–3×10−5 mol/l; Angene International Limited), was added to the prestenotic arterial circles treated with Phe (3×10−5 mol/l).

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD and data were analyzed using the t-test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. ACh- and SNP-induced relaxation was calculated as a percentage of the contraction to Phe. Emax was the maximal vascular reactivity and EC50 was 50% of the maximal reaction concentration.

Results

Iliac artery area

Following angioplasty, cross-sectional areas of the intimas following endarterectomy on the right side were 60.5% smaller compared with the intimas that had not undergone endarterectomy (0.89±0.79 vs. 2.88±0.89 mm2; P<0.05). Instant cross-sectional areas on the right side after angioplasty had an average area of 2.10±0.34 mm2, which was significantly greater compared with the area before angioplasty (0.89±0.79 mm2; P<0.05). Changes in cross-sectional areas of the right iliac arteries 6 weeks after angioplasty are indicated in Table I and Figs. 1 and 2.

Figure 1 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the bFGF group following angioplasty. bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor.

Figure 2 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the control group following angioplasty.

Table I Changes in the cross-sectional areas of the right iliac arteries 6 weeks after angioplasty in the two groups (mm2).

Table I

Changes in the cross-sectional areas of the right iliac arteries 6 weeks after angioplasty in the two groups (mm2).

Group	Angiopoietic side	Non-angiopoietic side
bFGF	2.01±0.78a	2.89±0.78b
Control	1.0±0.11	2.68±0.88

a P<0.05 and

b P>0.05, vs. control group.

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn3-etm-07-05-1193'] } Values are expressed as mean ± SD. bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor.

In vitro vascular reactivity

The contractile response resulting from Phe administration exhibited no significant differences between the angiopoietic and non-angiopoietic sides of the iliac arterial circles in the control and bFGF groups. In addition, there was no significant difference in the endothelium-independent SNP-induced vasorelaxation response of the non-angiopoietic iliac arterial circles between the control and bFGF groups (Emax, 93±5.5 vs. 91±4.5%; P>0.05; EC50, 8.9±4.3 vs. 8.8±4.1×10−7 mol/l; P>0.05). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the endothelium-dependent Ach-induced vasorelaxation (Emax, 53±7.5 vs. 55±6.7%; P>0.05; EC50, 7.8±2.1×10−7 mol/l vs. 7.5±2.1×10−7 mol/l; P>0.05). Six weeks after angioplasty in the right iliac arteries, the maximal endothelium-dependent Ach-induced relaxation of the bFGF-treated animals (Emax, 43±8.5%) was significantly greater compared with the control group (Emax, 11±9%; P<0.05). Furthermore, Emax and EC50 values of the right side after endarterectomy recovered to the level of the opposite side without endarterectomy in the bFGF group (Emax, 50±8 vs. 45±7%; P>0.05; EC50, 8.1±2.0 vs. 7.8±2.1×10−7 mol/l; P>0.05). Following angioplasty, the maximal endothelium-independent SNP-induced relaxation response of the angiopoietic sides was markedly weaker compared with the non-angiopoietic sides of the iliac arterial circles in the bFGF group (90±2 vs. 93±5.5%; P<0.05) and the control group (60±2 vs. 91±4.5%; P<0.05). However, the Emax of the bFGF group was significantly greater compared with the control group (P<0.05).

Discussion

Following angioplasty, vascular injury, which is analogous to generalized wound healing, may be differentiated into three implicated vascular injury repair stages (1). Firstly, early thrombus formation where the elastic components of the vessel wall are dragged and torn during angioplasty, resulting in intimal and deep dissection extending into the medial and adventitial layers. Dissection planes with endothelial stripping induce exposure of components under the intima, platelet adhesion, thrombus formation, acute inflammatory response and the infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes (2–4). Secondly, there is the cell granulation stage where relevant cells migrate into the vascular injury region. Cells staining for HHF-35 are present, filling in the original dissection planes and in certain arteries, areas of organized thrombus with interdigitated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are observed (5,6). Collagenous and elastic fibers are few and foam cells are generally observed (2). Following activation with growth factors, including bFGF and platelet derived growth factor, SMCs metastasize to the injury region, proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix (7–9). Finally, there is the vascular remodeling stage where intimal SMCs are unable to proliferate further. SMCs and adventitial fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix (10,11). An increased density of intimal-medial fibrosis is observed. Collagen proteins constitute 50% of components in the vessel wall and play an important role in vascular RS. In addition, the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan, is also a major component of the vessel wall (12).

bFGF is a single-stranded polypeptide (16 ku) that exhibits mitogenic activity and stimulates angiogenesis (13). In the present study, administration of bFGF increased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and also restored endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, further indicating that bFGF may be effective in treating experimental vascular injuries. Whether bFGF results in neointima pachynsis and/or proliferation of medial smooth muscle depends on the dose of bFGF. The aforementioned conditions may be observed following administration of a large dose of bFGF, whereas low dose bFGF is beneficial to endothelial cells, indicating that bFGF is double-edged and highly-efficient as a selective standard. Therefore, low-dose bFGF was applied in this study. Administration of bFGF not only restored the functions of endothelial cells, but also improved the sensitivity of vessel SMCs to endothelium-derived relaxing factor, also known as nitrogen monoxidum (14–17). In the present study, there was no significant difference in the sensitivity of angiopoietic iliac arteries to SNP (EC50) between the bFGF and control groups. bFGF upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and promotes the function of vasorelaxation to produce a synergistic effect of hypoxia (18,19). Thus, the mechanisms of bFGF in improving endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation require further study. Six weeks after angioplasty, the cross-sectional areas of the control group dramatically decreased, whereas those of the bFGF group showed no change, indicating that bFGF is critical in preventing the formation of RS following angiopoiesis. Therefore, it is possible that the mechanisms behind restoring endothelial cell function and improving vasorelaxation may be associated with the administration of bFGF (20). In addition, there was no change in the cross-sectional areas of the intima without denudation, indicating that normal endothelial cells are essential for preventing atherosclerotic stenosis.

References