Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 10 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 10 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells

  • Authors:
    • Theodoros Eleftheriadis
    • Georgios Pissas
    • Georgia Antoniadi
    • Vassilios Liakopoulos
    • Ioannis Stefanidis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece
  • Pages: 1959-1966
    |
    Published online on: September 22, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2763
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Activated T cells rely on aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis in order to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. Therefore, intervention in these metabolic pathways inhibits proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Krebs' cycle inhibition at the level of malate dehydrogenase‑2 (MDH2) in human activated T cells using the MDH2 inhibitor LW6. Activated T cells from healthy volunteers were cultured in the presence or absence of LW6 and cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and the expression levels of hypoxia‑inducible factor (HIF)‑1α, c‑Myc, p53, cleaved caspase‑3 and certain enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and glutaminolysis were evaluated. The results revealed that LW6 was not toxic and decreased apoptosis and the levels of the pro‑apoptotic tumor suppressor p53. In addition, LW6 inhibited T‑cell proliferation and decreased the levels of c‑Myc, HIF‑1α, glucose transporter‑1, hexokinase‑II, lactate dehydrogenase‑A and phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase. By contrast, LW6 increased the levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. These alterations may lead to decreased production of pyruvate, which preferentially enters into the Krebs' cycle. Furthermore, LW6 decreased the levels of glutaminase‑2, while increasing those of glutaminase‑1, which may preserve glutaminolysis, and possibly pyruvate‑malate cycling, potentially protecting the cells from energy collapse. In summary, the inhibition of MDH2 in activated T cells abrogates proliferation without adversely affecting cell survival. Adaptations of cellular glucose and glutamine metabolism may prevent energy collapse.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Wang R, Dillon CP, Shi LZ, Milasta S, Carter R, Finkelstein D, McCormick LL, Fitzgerald P, Chi H, Munger J and Green DR: The transcription factor Myc controls metabolic reprogramming upon T lymphocyte activation. Immunity. 35:871–882. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wang R and Green DR: Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic dependency in T cells. Immunol Rev. 249:14–26. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ostroukhova M, Goplen N, Karim MZ, Michalec L, Guo L, Liang Q and Alam R: The role of low-level lactate production in airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 302:L300–L307. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Shi LZ, Wang R, Huang G, Vogel P, Neale G, Green DR and Chi H: HIF1alpha-dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells. J Exp Med. 208:1367–1376. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Karioti A, Antoniadi G, Antoniadis N, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Dichloroacetate at therapeutic concentration alters glucose metabolism and induces regulatory T-cell differentiation in alloreactive human lymphocytes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 24:271–276. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Karioti A, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, Dafopoulou K, Pournaras S, Koukoulis G and Stefanidis I: The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan suppresses mitochondrial function, induces aerobic glycolysis and decreases interleukin-10 production in human lymphocytes. Immunol Invest. 41:507–520. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Yiannaki E, Markala D, Arampatzis S, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mixed lymphocyte reaction affects glucose influx and enzymes involved in aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis in alloreactive T-cells. Hum Immunol. 74:1501–1509. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Spanoulis A, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase increases p53 levels in alloreactive human T cells and both indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and p53 suppress glucose uptake, glycolysis and proliferation. Int Immunol. 26:673–684. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lee K, Kang JE, Park SK, Jin Y, Chung KS, Kim HM, Lee K, Kang MR, Lee MK, Song KB, et al: LW6, a novel HIF-1 inhibitor, promotes proteasomal degradation of HIF-1alpha via upregulation of VHL in a colon cancer cell line. Biochem Pharmacol. 80:982–989. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lee K, Ban HS, Naik R, Hong YS, Son S, Kim BK, Xia Y, Song KB, Lee HS and Won M: Identification of malate dehydrogenase 2 as a target protein of the HIF-1 inhibitor LW6 using chemical probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 52:10286–10289. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Friedman B, Goodman EH Jr, Saunders HL, Kostos V and Weinhouse S: Estimation of pyruvate recycling during gluconeogenesis in perfused rat liver. Metabolism. 20:2–12. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Berridge MV, Herst PM and Tan AS: Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: New insights into their cellular reduction. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 11:127–152. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Dang EV, Barbi J, Yang HY, Jinasena D, Yu H, Zheng Y, Bordman Z, Fu J, Kim Y and Yen HR: Control of T(H)17/T(reg) balance by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Cell. 146:772–784. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Guy CS, Vignali KM, Temirov J, Bettini ML, Overacre AE, Smeltzer M, Zhang H, Huppa JB, Tsai YH, Lobry C, et al: Distinct TCR signaling pathways drive proliferation and cytokine production in T cells. Nat Immunol. 14:262–270. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Doe MR, Ascano JM, Kaur M and Cole MD: Myc posttranscriptionally induces HIF1 protein and target gene expression in normal and cancer cells. Cancer Res. 72:949–957. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chen C, Cai S, Wang G, Cao X, Yang X, Luo X, Feng Y and Hu J: c-Myc enhances colon cancer cell-mediated angiogenesis through the regulation of HIF-1α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 430:505–511. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Podar K and Anderson KC: A therapeutic role for targeting c-Myc/Hif-1-dependent signaling pathways. Cell Cycle. 9:1722–1728. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Hong KS, Park JI, Kim MJ, Kim HB, Lee JW, Dao TT, Oh WK, Kang CD and Kim SH: Involvement of SIRT1 in hypoxic down-regulation of c-Myc and β-catenin and hypoxic preconditioning effect of polyphenols. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 259:210–218. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Huang LE: Carrot and stick: HIF-alpha engages c-Myc in hypoxic adaptation. Cell Death Differ. 15:672–677. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Li Q, Kluz T, Sun H and Costa M: Mechanisms of c-myc degradation by nickel compounds and hypoxia. PloS One. 4:e85312009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Sermeus A and Michiels C: Reciprocal influence of the p53 and the hypoxic pathways. Cell Death Dis. 2:e1642011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Eischen CM, Weber JD, Roussel MF, Sherr CJ and Cleveland JL: Disruption of the ARF-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway in Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Genes Dev. 13:2658–2669. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Brady CA and Attardi LD: p53 at a glance. J Cell Sci. 123:2527–2532. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Green DR and Kroemer G: Cytoplasmic functions of the tumour suppressor p53. Nature. 458:1127–1130. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Iyer NV, Kotch LE, Agani F, Leung SW, Laughner E, Wenger RH, Gassmann M, Gearhart JD, Lawler AM, Yu AY and Semenza GL: Cellular and developmental control of O2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. Genes Dev. 12:149–162. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Osthus RC, Shim H, Kim S, Li Q, Reddy R, Mukherjee M, Xu Y, Wonsey D, Lee LA and Dang CV: Deregulation of glucose transporter 1 and glycolytic gene expression by c-Myc. J Biol Chem. 275:21797–21800. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Gordan JD, Thompson CB and Simon MC: HIF and c-Myc: Sibling rivals for control of cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. Cancer Cell. 12:108–113. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Valera A, Pujol A, Gregori X, Riu E, Visa J and Bosch F: Evidence from transgenic mice that myc regulates hepatic glycolysis. FASEB J. 9:1067–1078. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Shim H, Dolde C, Lewis BC, Wu CS, Dang G, Jungmann RA, Dalla-Favera R and Dang CV: c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: Implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:6658–6663. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Korotchkina LG and Patel MS: Site specificity of four pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzymes toward the three phosphorylation sites of human pyruvate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 276:37223–37229. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Kim JW, Tchernyshyov I, Semenza GL and Dang CV: HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: A metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Cell Metab. 3:177–185. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Munger J, Bajad SU, Coller HA, Shenk T and Rabinowitz JD: Dynamics of the cellular metabolome during human cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2:e1322006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Le A, Lane AN, Hamaker M, Bose S, Gouw A, Barbi J, Tsukamoto T, Rojas CJ, Slusher BS, Zhang H, et al: Glucose-independent glutamine metabolism via TCA cycling for proliferation and survival in B cells. Cell Metab. 15:110–121. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Yang C, Ko B, Hensley CT, Jiang L, Wasti AT, Kim J, Sudderth J, Calvaruso MA, Lumata L, Mitsche M, et al: Glutamine oxidation maintains the TCA cycle and cell survival during impaired mitochondrial pyruvate transport. Mol Cell. 56:414–424. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mates JM, Segura JA, Martin-Rufián M, Campos-Sandoval JA, Alonso FJ and Marquez J: Glutaminase isoenzymes as key regulators in metabolic and oxidative stress against cancer. Curr Mol Med. 13:514–534. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Colombo SL, Palacios-Callender M, Frakich N, De Leon J, Schmitt CA, Boorn L, Davis N and Moncada S: Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdh1 coordinates glycolysis and glutaminolysis with transition to S phase in human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:18868–18873. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Gao P, Tchernyshyov I, Chang TC, Lee YS, Kita K, Ochi T, Zeller KI, De Marzo AM, Van Eyk JE, Mendell JT and Dang CV: c-Myc suppression of miR-23a/b enhances mitochondrial glutaminase expression and glutamine metabolism. Nature. 458:762–765. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Suzuki S, Tanaka T, Poyurovsky MV, Nagano H, Mayama T, Ohkubo S, Lokshin M, Hosokawa H, Nakayama T, Suzuki Y, et al: Phosphate-activated glutaminase (GLS2), a p53-inducible regulator of glutamine metabolism and reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:7461–7466. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Hu W, Zhang C, Wu R, Sun Y, Levine A and Feng Z: Glutaminase 2, a novel p53 target gene regulating energy metabolism and antioxidant function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:7455–7460. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells. Exp Ther Med 10: 1959-1966, 2015.
APA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., & Stefanidis, I. (2015). Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2763
MLA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10.5 (2015): 1959-1966.
Chicago
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 5 (2015): 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2763
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V and Stefanidis I: Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells. Exp Ther Med 10: 1959-1966, 2015.
APA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., & Stefanidis, I. (2015). Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 10, 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2763
MLA
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10.5 (2015): 1959-1966.
Chicago
Eleftheriadis, T., Pissas, G., Antoniadi, G., Liakopoulos, V., Stefanidis, I."Malate dehydrogenase-2 inhibitor LW6 promotes metabolic adaptations and reduces proliferation and apoptosis in activated human T-cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 10, no. 5 (2015): 1959-1966. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2015.2763
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team