Open Access

Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ting‑Ting Wang
    • Dong Zhou
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: February 22, 2016     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
  • Pages: 1537-1541
  • Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) presents a strong clinical challenge especially for the treatment of the associated epilepsy. Epilepsy in FCD is often treatment‑resistant and constitutes 50% of treatment‑resistant cases. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been widely used in the treatment of FCD. However, evidence to suggest their specific effect on the treatment of FCD remains to be established. In view of this resistance, several alternative treatments have been suggested. Although treatment currently involves surgical management, non‑invasive treatments have been identified. The aim of the present review, was to assess non‑invasive management strategies including, i) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, ii) ketogenic diet (KD), and iii) vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). In addition, we discussed the literature available regarding the use of AEDs in FCD. Experiments conducted with mammals detailing rapamycin gene mutations in FCD have produced vital information for exploring treatment options using mTOR inhibitors. Of note is the importance of KD in children with FCD. This diet has been shown to modify disease progression by attenuating chromatin modification, a master regulator for gene expression and functional adaptation of the cell. FCD has also been studied widely with neurostimulation techniques. The outcomes of these techniques have been found to be variable. For widespread dysplasias, VNS has been shown to produce responder rates of >50%. Nevertheless, non‑invasive cranial nerve stimulation techniques such as transcutaneous VNS and non‑invasive VNS are gaining better patient compatibility, albeit their efficacy remains to be established.
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May-2016
Volume 11 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Wang TT and Wang TT: Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Exp Ther Med 11: 1537-1541, 2016
APA
Wang, T., & Wang, T. (2016). Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
MLA
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1537-1541.
Chicago
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100