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Review Open Access

Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ting‑Ting Wang
    • Dong Zhou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1537-1541
    |
    Published online on: February 22, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
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Abstract

Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) presents a strong clinical challenge especially for the treatment of the associated epilepsy. Epilepsy in FCD is often treatment‑resistant and constitutes 50% of treatment‑resistant cases. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been widely used in the treatment of FCD. However, evidence to suggest their specific effect on the treatment of FCD remains to be established. In view of this resistance, several alternative treatments have been suggested. Although treatment currently involves surgical management, non‑invasive treatments have been identified. The aim of the present review, was to assess non‑invasive management strategies including, i) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, ii) ketogenic diet (KD), and iii) vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). In addition, we discussed the literature available regarding the use of AEDs in FCD. Experiments conducted with mammals detailing rapamycin gene mutations in FCD have produced vital information for exploring treatment options using mTOR inhibitors. Of note is the importance of KD in children with FCD. This diet has been shown to modify disease progression by attenuating chromatin modification, a master regulator for gene expression and functional adaptation of the cell. FCD has also been studied widely with neurostimulation techniques. The outcomes of these techniques have been found to be variable. For widespread dysplasias, VNS has been shown to produce responder rates of >50%. Nevertheless, non‑invasive cranial nerve stimulation techniques such as transcutaneous VNS and non‑invasive VNS are gaining better patient compatibility, albeit their efficacy remains to be established.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang TT and Zhou D: Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Exp Ther Med 11: 1537-1541, 2016.
APA
Wang, T., & Zhou, D. (2016). Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
MLA
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1537-1541.
Chicago
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Wang TT and Zhou D: Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Exp Ther Med 11: 1537-1541, 2016.
APA
Wang, T., & Zhou, D. (2016). Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
MLA
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1537-1541.
Chicago
Wang, T., Zhou, D."Non-invasive treatment options for focal cortical dysplasia (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1537-1541. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3100
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