Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 11 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 11 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhandong Zeng
    • Hongwei Zhang
    • Fengli Liu
    • Ning Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zeng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1550-1554
    |
    Published online on: March 15, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3167
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Congenital heart defects (CHD) affect approximately 7% of infants, and account for 3% of all infant deaths. CHD is most often caused by the defects associated with ductus arteriosus, which is a vessel that usually closes shortly after birth. The types of CHD include tetralogy of fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, transposition of great arteries, tricuspid atresia and truncus arteriosus. There are some risk factors that can increase the chance of a fetus developing CHD such as prematurity, an existing CHD in a first-degree relative, genetic syndromes, infections in utero, maternal drug consumptions and disorders. CHD is diagnosed is through different techniques including pulse oximetry, echocardiograms and physical exams. In this review, we examined the current incidence of CHD, the risk factors associated with CHD, the current methods of diagnosis and surgical options used to repair the defects.
View Figures
View References

1 

Hoffman JI, Kaplan S and Liberthson RR: Prevalence of congenital heart disease. Am Heart J. 147:425–439. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Marelli AJ, Mackie AS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Rahme E and Pilote L: Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution. Circulation. 115:163–172. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Scharhag J, Meyer T, Kindermann I, Schneider G, Urhausen A and Kindermann W: Bicuspid aortic valve: evaluation of the ability to participate in competitive sports: case reports of two soccer players. Clin Res Cardiol. 95:228–234. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Arlettaz R, Bauschatz AS, Mönkhoff M, Essers B and Bauersfeld U: The contribution of pulse oximetry to the early detection of congenital heart disease in newborns. Eur J Pediatr. 165:94–98. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Rudolph AM and Heymann MA: The circulation of the fetus inutero. Methods for studying distribution of blood flow, cardiac output and organ blood flow. Circ Res. 21:163–184. 1967. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Freed MD, Heymann MA, Lewis AB, Roehl SL and Kensey RC: Prostaglandin E1 infants with ductus arteriosus-dependent congenital heart disease. Circulation. 64:899–905. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Hoffman JI and Kaplan S: The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 39:1890–1900. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Presbitero P, Somerville J, Stone S, Aruta E, Spiegelhalter D and Rabajoli F: Pregnancy in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Outcome of mother and fetus. Circulation. 89:2673–2676. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Jenkins KJ, Gauvreau K, Newburger JW, Spray TL, Moller JH and Iezzoni LI: Consensus-based method for risk adjustment for surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 123:110–118. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Jenkins KJ, Correa A, Feinstein JA, Botto L, Britt AE, Daniels SR, Elixson M, Warnes CA and Webb CL: American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: Noninherited risk factors and congenital cardiovascular defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 115:2995–3014. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Sun R, Liu M, Lu L, Zheng Y and Zhang P: Congenital heart disease: Causes, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatments. Cell Biochem Biophys. Feb 1–2015.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Stoll C, Alembik Y, Roth MP, Dott B and De Geeter B: Risk factors in congenital heart disease. Eur J Epidemiol. 5:382–391. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Kleinman CS, Hobbins JC, Jaffe CC, Lynch DC and Talner NS: Echocardiographic studies of the human fetus: prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease and cardiac dysrhythmias. Pediatrics. 65:1059–1067. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Thangaratinam S, Brown K, Zamora J, Khan KS and Ewer AK: Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects in asymptomatic newborn babies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 379:2459–2464. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Carvalho JS, Mavrides E, Shinebourne EA, Campbell S and Thilaganathan B: improving the effectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects. Heart. 88:387–391. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Koppel RI, Druschel CM, Carter T, Goldberg BE, Mehta PN, Talwar R and Bierman FZ: Effectiveness of pulse oximetry screening for congenital heart disease in asymptomatic newborns. Pediatrics. 111:451–455. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

van der Bom T, Zomer AC, Zwinderman AH, Meijboom FJ, Bouma BJ and Mulder BJ: The changing epidemiology of congenital heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 8:50–60. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Andrea J: Implications of using pulse oximetry to screen for critical congenital heart disease in newborns. Nurs Womens Health. 19:314–323. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Griebsch I, Knowles RL, Brown J, Bull C, Wren C and Dezateux CA: Comparing the clinical and economic effects of clinical examination, pulse oximetry, and echocardiography in newborn screening for congenital heart defects: a probabilistic cost-effectiveness model and value of information analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 23:192–204. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NM, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N, Gatzoulis MA, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Kaemmerer H, Kilner P, et al: Task Force on the Management of Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC); ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010). Eur Heart J. 31:2915–2957. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Sadeghian H and Savand-Roomi Z: Fetal heart echocardiography of twins. Echocardiographic Atlas of Adult Congenital Heart Disease 2015. Springer International Publishing. 461–463. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Lee W, Allan L, Carvalho JS, Chaoui R, Copel J, Devore G, Hecher K, Munoz H, Nelson T, Paladini D, et al: ISUOG Fetal Echocardiography Task Force: ISUOG consensus statement: what constitutes a fetal echocardiogram? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 32:239–242. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Bakr AF and Habib HS: Combining pulse oximetry and clinical examination in screening for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol. 26:832–835. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kemper AR, Mahle WT, Martin GR, Cooley WC, Kumar P, Morrow WR, Kelm K, Pearson GD, Glidewell J, Grosse SD, et al: Strategies for implementing screening for critical congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 128:e1259–e1267. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Mavroudis C and Backer C: Patent ductus arteriosus ligation. Atlas of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Springer. (London). 35–43. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gersony WM, Peckham GJ, Ellison RC, Miettinen OS and Nadas AS: Effects of indomethacin in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus: results of a national collaborative study. J Pediatr. 102:895–906. 1983. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhao Q and Hu X: Postoperative pulmonary hypertensivecrisis caused by inverted left atrial appendage after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for congenital heart disease in a neonate. Heart Lung Circ. 22:781–783. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Langley SM, Sunstrom RE, Reed RD, Rekito AJ and Gerrah R: The neonatal hypoplastic aortic arch: Decisions and more decisions. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 16:43–51. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Toro-Salazar OH, Steinberger J, Thomas W, Rocchini AP, Carpenter B and Moller JH: Long-term follow-up of patients after coarctation of the aorta repair. Am J Cardiol. 89:541–547. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Knyshov GV, Sitar LL, Glagola MD and Atamanyuk MY: Aortic aneurysms at the site of the repair of coarctation of the aorta: a review of 48 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 61:935–939. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Cheng TO: Atrial septal defect repair. Cleve Clin J Med. 68:174. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Mair DD, Porter CJ, Ilstrup DM, McGoon DC, Puga FJ, Kirklin JW and Danielson GK: Long-term outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years. N Engl J Med. 323:1645–1650. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Weirich W and Blevins W: Ventricular septal defect repair. Vet Surg. 7:2–7. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Muehrcke DD, Daggett WM Jr, Buckley MJ, Akins CW, Hilgenberg AD and Austen WG: Postinfarct ventricular septal defect repair: effect of coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 54:876–882; discussion 882–883. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Pacileo G, Musewe NN and Calabro R: Tetralogy of fallot in three siblings: A familial study and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 151:726–727. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Geva T, Sandweiss BM, Gauvreau K, Lock JE and Powell AJ: Factors associated with impaired clinical status in long-term survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 43:1068–1074. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Reddy VM, Liddicoat JR, McElhinney DB, Brook MM, Stanger P and Hanley FL: Routine primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot in neonates and infants less than three months of age. Ann Thorac Surg. 60(Suppl): S592–S596. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

DeBord S, Cherry C and Hickey C: The arterial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries. AORN J. 86:211–226. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Castaneda AR, Norwood WI, Jonas RA, Colon SD, Sanders SP and Lang P: Transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum: anatomical repair in the neonate. Ann Thorac Surg. 38:438–443. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Fontan F and Baudet E: Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax. 26:240–248. 1971. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Lofland GK: Truncus arteriosus repair. Cardiac Reconstructions with Allograft Tissues. Springer-Verlag. (New York, NY). 530–543. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Wukasch DC, Deutsch M, Reul GJ, Hallman GL and Cooley DA: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of 125 patients treated surgically. Ann Thorac Surg. 19:622–633. 1975. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Kirshbom PM, Myung RJ, Gaynor JW, Ittenbach RF, Paridon SM, DeCampli WM, Karl TR and Spray TL: Preoperative pulmonary venous obstruction affects long-term outcome for survivors of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 74:1616–1620. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ugaki S, Khoo NS, Ross DB, Rebeyka IM and Adatia I: Tricuspid valve repair improves early right ventricular and tricuspid valve remodeling in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 145:446–450. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Norwood WI, Lang P and Hansen DD: Physiologic repair of aortic atresia-hypoplastic left heart syndrome. N Engl J Med. 308:23–26. 1983. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zeng Z, Zhang H, Liu F and Zhang N: Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review). Exp Ther Med 11: 1550-1554, 2016.
APA
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., & Zhang, N. (2016). Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1550-1554. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3167
MLA
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., Zhang, N."Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1550-1554.
Chicago
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., Zhang, N."Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1550-1554. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3167
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zeng Z, Zhang H, Liu F and Zhang N: Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review). Exp Ther Med 11: 1550-1554, 2016.
APA
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., & Zhang, N. (2016). Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 1550-1554. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3167
MLA
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., Zhang, N."Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.5 (2016): 1550-1554.
Chicago
Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, F., Zhang, N."Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 5 (2016): 1550-1554. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3167
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team