Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
June-2016 Volume 11 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2016 Volume 11 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model

  • Authors:
    • Lina Liu
    • Guodong Lv
    • Conghua Ning
    • Ye Yang
    • Jun Zhu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China, Institute of Research, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2284-2292
    |
    Published online on: April 11, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3242
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

It has been suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D) plays a protective role against inflammation and insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigate the hypothesis that vitamin D may exert beneficial effects on the liver in a rat model of T2DM by regulating the expression of inflammation‑related cytokines and ameliorating IR induced by inflammation. Normal control group rats were fed a basic diet (NC). Experimental rats received a high‑fat diet for 8 weeks and were then injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce T2DM. Half of the T2DM model rats received vitamin D (0.03 µg/kg/day) for 8 weeks (vitamin D‑treated group; VD; n=11), while the other (T2DM group; DM; n=10) and NC group received an equivalent quantity of peanut oil. Following sacrifice, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were recorded and homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA‑IR) was calculated. Liver histopathology was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines C‑Jun N‑terminal kinase, C‑Jun, tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β were measured using immunohistology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. The results revealed that treatment with vitamin D markedly alleviated the pathological alterations of liver and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines at the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, decreased levels of FPG, HOMA‑IR and increased FINS were detected. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that vitamin D has therapeutic effects on diabetes-induced liver complications in T2DM model rats, which may involve the modulation of the inflammatory response, attenuating the 'crosstalkʼ between inflammation and IR and ameliorating hyperglycemic state.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Guadarrama-López AL, Valdés-Ramos R and Martínez-Carrillo BE: Type 2 diabetes, PUFAs, and vitamin D: Their relation to inflammation. J Immunol Res. 2014:8607032014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Flores M: A role of vitamin D in low-intensity chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nutr Res Rev. 18:175–182. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL and Saad MF: Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 79:820–825. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE and Hu FB: Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 29:650–656. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Gregor MF and Hotamisligil GS: Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Ann Rev Immunol. 29:415–445. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Sattar N, McCarey DW, Capell H and McInnes IB: ‘Explaining how high-grade’ systemic inflammation accelerates vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 108:2957–2963. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Knobler H, Zhornicky T, Sandler A, Haran N, Ashur Y and Schattner A: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced insulin resistance may mediate the hepatitis C virus-diabetes association. Am J Gastroenterol. 98:2751–2756. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Giulietti A, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Bouillon R and Mathieu C: Monocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) works as anti-inflammatory. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 77:47–57. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Targher G, Bertolini L, Scala L, Cigolini M, Zenari L, Falezza G and Arcaro G: Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and liver histology in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 17:517–524. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Laskin DL, Weinberger B and Laskin JD: Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages. J Leukoc Biol. 70:163–170. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Korf H, Wenes M, Stijlemans B, Takiishi T, Robert S, Miani M, Eizirik DL, Gysemans C and Mathieu C: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 curtails the inflammatory and T cell stimulatory capacity of macrophages through an IL-10-dependent mechanism. Immunobiology. 217:1292–1300. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Alroy I, Towers TL and Freedman LP: Transcriptional repression of the interleukin-2 gene by vitamin D3: Direct inhibition of NFATp/AP-1 complex formation by a nuclear hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 15:5789–5799. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Ip YT and Davis RJ: Signal transduction by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-from inflammation to development. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 10:205–219. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Karin M and Gallagher E: From JNK to pay dirt: Jun kinases, their biochemistry, physiology and clinical importance. IUBMB Life. 57:283–295. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Nakatani Y, Kaneto H, Kawamori D, Hatazaki M, Miyatsuka T, Matsuoka TA, Kajimoto Y, Matsuhisa M, Yamasaki Y and Hori M: Modulation of the JNK pathway in liver affects insulin resistance status. J Biol Chem. 279:45803–45809. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yang R and Trevillyan JM: c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in diabetes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 40:2702–2706. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Sharfi H and Eldar-Finkelman H: Sequential phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase plays a role in hepatic insulin signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 294:E307–E315. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kaneto H: The JNK pathway as a therapeutic target for diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 9:581–592. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Tarantino G and Caputi A: JNKs, insulin resistance and inflammation: A possible link between NAFLD and coronary artery disease. World J Gastroenterol. 17:3785–3794. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Chagas CE, Borges MC, Martini LA and Rogero MM: Focus on vitamin D, inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 4:52–67. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tuncman G, Hirosumi J, Solinas G, Chang L, Karin M and Hotamisligil GS: Functional in vivo interactions between JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:10741–10746. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Micheau O and Tschopp J: Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell. 114:181–190. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Seki E, Brenner DA and Karin M: A liver full of JNK: Signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches. Gastroenterology. 143:307–320. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Schwabe RF, Uchinami H, Qian T, Bennett BL, Lemasters JJ and Brenner DA: Differential requirement for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in TNF alpha-and Fas-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. FASEB J. 18:720–722. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Li H, Xie H, Fu M, Li W, Guo B, Ding Y and Wang Q: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 ameliorates periodontitis by modulating the expression of inflammation-associated factors in diabetic mice. Steroids. 78:115–120. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS and Spiegelman BM: Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 259:87–91. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bieghs V and Trautwein C: The innate immune response during liver inflammation and metabolic disease. Trends Immunol. 34:446–452. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Negrin KA, Roth Flach RJ, Di Stefano MT, Matevossian A, Friedline RH, Jung D, Kim JK and Czech MP: IL-1 signaling in obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis. PloS One. 9:e1072652014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Larsen CM, Faulenbach M, Vaag A, Vølund A, Ehses JA, Seifert B, Mandrup-Poulsen T and Donath MY: Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 356:1517–1526. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Moore M, Piazza A, Nolan Y and Lynch MA: Treatment with dexamethasone and vitamin D3 attenuates neuroinflammatory age-related changes in rat hippocampus. Synapse. 61:851–861. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN, Ozdelen E, Tuncman G, Görgün C, Glimcher LH and Hotamisligil GS: Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science. 306:457–461. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Nguyen MT, Satoh H, Favelyukis S, Babendure JL, Imamura T, Sbodio JI, Zalevsky J, Dahiyat BI, Chi NW and Olefsky JM: JNK and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 280:35361–35371. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Meeker S, Seamons A, Paik J, Treuting PM, Brabb T, Grady WM and Maggio-Price L: Increased dietary vitamin D suppresses MAPK signaling, colitis, and colon cancer. Cancer Res. 74:4398–4408. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhou QG, Hou FF, Guo ZJ, Liang M, Wang GB and Zhang X: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D improved the free fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in cultured C2C12 cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 24:459–464. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Scragg R, Sowers M and Bell C: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care. 27:2813–2818. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W and Coad J: Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient-a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 103:549–555. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hotamisligil GS: Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature. 444:860–867. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Nugent DA, Smith DM and Jones HB: A review of islet of Langerhans degeneration in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Toxicol Pathol. 36:529–551. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Meerza D, Naseem I and Ahmed J: Effect of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 on glucose homeostasis and DNA damage in type 2 diabetic mice. J Diabetes Complications. 26:363–368. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu L, Lv G, Ning C, Yang Y and Zhu J: Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model. Exp Ther Med 11: 2284-2292, 2016.
APA
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., & Zhu, J. (2016). Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 2284-2292. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3242
MLA
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., Zhu, J."Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.6 (2016): 2284-2292.
Chicago
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., Zhu, J."Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 6 (2016): 2284-2292. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3242
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu L, Lv G, Ning C, Yang Y and Zhu J: Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model. Exp Ther Med 11: 2284-2292, 2016.
APA
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., & Zhu, J. (2016). Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11, 2284-2292. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3242
MLA
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., Zhu, J."Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11.6 (2016): 2284-2292.
Chicago
Liu, L., Lv, G., Ning, C., Yang, Y., Zhu, J."Therapeutic effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on diabetes-induced liver complications in a rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 11, no. 6 (2016): 2284-2292. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3242
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team