Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
October-2016 Volume 12 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2016 Volume 12 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines

  • Authors:
    • Hongbin Jia
    • Shuangshuang Xu
    • Qingzhen Liu
    • Jian Liu
    • Jianguo Xu
    • Weiyan Li
    • Yi Jin
    • Qing Ji
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2644-2650
    |
    Published online on: September 1, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3643
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The molecular mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain have yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed to examine the modulation of neuroimmune activation in the spinal cord by the synthetic peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, pioglitazone (Pio), in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI). Rats were randomly assigned into four groups: Sham surgery with vehicle, chronic constriction injury with vehicle or Pio (10 mg/kg), and chronic constriction injury with Pio and a PPAR‑γ antagonist GW9662 (2 mg/kg). Pio or vehicle was administered 1 h prior to the surgery and continued daily until day 7 post‑surgery. Paw pressure threshold was measured prior to surgery and on days 0, 1, 3 and 7 post‑surgery. Microglia activation markers macrophage antigen complex‑1, the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin‑1β, and the mRNA expression levels of toll like receptor (TLR‑4) in the lumbar spinal cord were determined. Administration of Pio resulted in the prominent attenuation of mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, Pio was able to significantly inhibit neuroimmune activation characterized by glial activation, the production of cytokines and expression levels of TLR‑4. Concurrent administration of a PPAR‑γ antagonist, GW9662, reversed the effects of Pio. The antihyperalgesic effect of administration of Pio in rats receiving CCI may, in part, be attributed to the inhibition of neuroimmune activation associated with the sustaining of neuropathic pain.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Scholz J and Woolf CJ: The neuropathic pain triad: Neurons, immune cells and glia. Nat Neurosci. 10:1361–1368. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Romero-Sandoval E Alfonso and Sweitzer S: Nonneuronal central mechanisms of pain: Glia and immune response. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 131:325–358. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Aloisi F: Immune function of microglia. Glia. 36:165–179. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

DeLeo JA and Yezierski RP: The role of neuroinflammation and neuroimmune activation in persistent pain. Pain. 90:1–6. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Dong Y and Benveniste EN: Immune function of astrocytes. Glia. 36:180–190. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Mantyh PW, Clohisy DR, Koltzenburg M and Hunt SP: Molecular mechanisms of cancer pain. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:201–209. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ruohonen S, Jagodi M, Khademi M, Taskinen HS, Ojala P, Olsson T and Röyttä M: Contralateral non-operated nerve to transected rat sciatic nerve shows increased expression of IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha and IL-10. J Neuroimmunol. 132:11–17. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Ji RR, Berta T and Nedergaard M: Glia and pain: Is chronic pain a gliopathy? Pain. 154:S10–28. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wolska A, Lech-Maranda E and Robak T: Toll-like receptors and their role in hematologic malignancies. Curr Mol Med. 9:324–335. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Buchanan MM, Hutchinson M, Watkins LR and Yin H: Toll-like receptor 4 in CNS pathologies. J Neurochem. 114:13–27. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Park SW, Yi JH, Miranpuri G, Satriotomo I, Bowen K, Resnick DK and Vemuganti R: Thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists prevents neuronal damage, motor dysfunction, myelin loss, neuropathic pain and inflammation after spinal cord injury in adult rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 320:1002–1012. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhao Y, Patzer A, Herdegen T, Gohlke P and Culman J: Activation of cerebral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma promotes neuroprotection by attenuation of neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. FASEB J. 20:1162–1175. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Zhao X and Li LY: PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate induces renal CYP enzymes and reduces blood pressure and glomerular hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Nephrol. 28:598–606. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Diab A, Hussain RZ, Lovett-Racke AE, Chavis JA, Drew PD and Racke MK: Ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and the retinoid X receptor exert additive anti-inflammatory effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 148:116–126. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Breidert T, Callebert J, Heneka MT, Landreth G, Launay JM and Hirsch EC: Protective action of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist pioglitazone in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 82:615–624. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Pedersen WA, McMillan PJ, Kulstad JJ, Leverenz JB, Craft S and Haynatzki GR: Rosiglitazone attenuates learning and memory deficits in Tg2576 Alzheimer mice. Exp Neurol. 199:265–273. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Heneka MT, Sastre M, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, Hanke A, Dewachter I, Kuiperi C, O'Banion K, Klockgether T, Van Leuven F and Landreth GE: Acute treatment with the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone and ibuprofen reduces glial inflammation and Abeta1-42 levels in APPV717I transgenic mice. Brain. 128:1442–1453. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bennett GJ and Xie YK: A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 33:87–107. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Chaplan SR, Bach FW, Pogrel JW, Chung JM and Yaksh TL: Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw. J Neurosci Methods. 53:55–63. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Kim YI, Na HS, Yoon YW, Han HC, Ko KH and Hong SK: NMDA receptors are important for both mechanical and thermal allodynia from peripheral nerve injury in rats. Neuroreport. 8:2149–2153. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Jain V, Jaggi AS and Singh N: Ameliorative potential of rosiglitazone in tibial and sural nerve transection-induced painful neuropathy in rats. Pharmacol Res. 59:385–392. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Jia H, Zhu S, Ji Q, Hui K, Duan M, Xu J and Li W: Repeated administration of pioglitazone attenuates development of hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 18:359–365. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Maeda T, Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Ozaki M and Kishioka S: Pioglitazone attenuates tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice subjected to peripheral nerve injury. J Pharmacol Sci. 108:341–347. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Takahashi Y, Hasegawa-Moriyama M, Sakurai T and Inada E: The macrophage-mediated effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone attenuate tactile allodynia in the early phase of neuropathic pain development. Anesth Analg. 113:398–404. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Churi SB, Abdel-Aleem OS, Tumber KK, Scuderi-Porter H and Taylor BK: Intrathecal rosiglitazone acts at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to rapidly inhibit neuropathic pain in rats. J Pain. 9:639–649. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Zhang ZJ, Cao DL, Zhang X, Ji RR and Gao YJ: Chemokine contribution to neuropathic pain: Respective induction of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in spinal cord astrocytes and neurons. Pain. 154:2185–2197. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Akimoto N, Ifuku M, Mori Y and Noda M: Effects of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 on microglial function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 436:455–461. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Clark AK, Old EA and Malcangio M: Neuropathic pain and cytokines: Current perspectives. J Pain Res. 6:803–814. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ji RR and Suter MR: P38 MAPK, microglial signaling, and neuropathic pain. Mol Pain. 3:332007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Moalem G and Tracey DJ: Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Rev. 51:240–264. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Inoue M, Yamada T and Ueda H: Low dose of kyotorphin (tyrosine-arginine) induces nociceptive responses through a substance P release from nociceptor endings. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 69:302–305. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zingarelli B, Sheehan M, Hake PW, O'Connor M, Denenberg A and Cook JA: Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-gamma ligands, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone, reduce systemic inflammation in polymicrobial sepsis by modulation of signal transduction pathways. J Immunol. 171:6827–6837. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Fuenzalida K, Quintanilla R, Ramos P, Piderit D, Fuentealba RA, Martinez G, Inestrosa NC and Bronfman M: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma up-regulates the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein in neurons and induces mitochondrial stabilization and protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 282:37006–37015. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bernardo A, Ajmone-Cat MA, Gasparini L, Ongini E and Minghetti L: Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is activated in rat microglial cells by the anti-inflammatory drug HCT1026, a derivative of flurbiprofen. J Neurochem. 92:895–903. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Watkins LR, Milligan ED and Maier SF: Glial activation: A driving force for pathological pain. Trends Neurosci. 24:450–455. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Luna-Medina R, Cortes-Canteli M, Alonso M, Santos A, Martínez A and Perez-Castillo A: Regulation of inflammatory response in neural cells in vitro by thiadiazolidinones derivatives through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation. J Biol Chem. 280:21453–21462. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Chen Y, Willcockson HH and Valtschanoff JG: Influence of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 on the activation of spinal cord glia in mouse models of pain. Exp Neurol. 220:383–390. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Moreno S, Farioli-Vecchioli S and Cerù MP: Immunolocalization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and retinoid X receptors in the adult rat CNS. Neuroscience. 123:131–145. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Diab A, Deng C, Smith JD, Hussain RZ, Phanavanh B, Lovett-Racke AE, Drew PD and Racke MK: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14)-prostaglandin J2 ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 168:2508–2515. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Brown K, Coats BD, Shridhar M, Sholar PW, Patel SJ, Crysdale NY, Harrison JA, Maier SF, et al: Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Eur J Neurosci. 28:20–29. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Cao L, Tanga FY and DeLeo JA: The contributing role of CD14 in toll-like receptor 4 dependent neuropathic pain. Neuroscience. 158:896–903. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Miyake K: Innate immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals by cell surface Toll-like receptors. Semin Immunol. 19:3–10. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Gurley C, Nichols J, Liu S, Phulwani NK, Esen N and Kielian T: Microglia and Astrocyte Activation by Toll-Like Receptor Ligands: Modulation by PPAR-gamma Agonists. PPAR Res. 2008:4531202008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jia H, Xu S, Liu Q, Liu J, Xu J, Li W, Jin Y and Ji Q: Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines. Exp Ther Med 12: 2644-2650, 2016.
APA
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W. ... Ji, Q. (2016). Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 2644-2650. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3643
MLA
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W., Jin, Y., Ji, Q."Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.4 (2016): 2644-2650.
Chicago
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W., Jin, Y., Ji, Q."Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 4 (2016): 2644-2650. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3643
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jia H, Xu S, Liu Q, Liu J, Xu J, Li W, Jin Y and Ji Q: Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines. Exp Ther Med 12: 2644-2650, 2016.
APA
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W. ... Ji, Q. (2016). Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12, 2644-2650. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3643
MLA
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W., Jin, Y., Ji, Q."Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12.4 (2016): 2644-2650.
Chicago
Jia, H., Xu, S., Liu, Q., Liu, J., Xu, J., Li, W., Jin, Y., Ji, Q."Effect of pioglitazone on neuropathic pain and spinal expression of TLR-4 and cytokines". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 12, no. 4 (2016): 2644-2650. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3643
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team