Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Cheng‑Liang Yang
    • Jun Wang
    • Li‑Li Zou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute, The First Hospital of Yichang, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 5243-5250
    |
    Published online on: September 29, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5220
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

As an infectious fungus that affects the respiratory tract, Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) commonly causes asymptomatic pulmonary infection. C. neoformans may target the brain instead of the lungs and cross the blood‑brain barrier (BBB) in the early phase of infection; however, this is dependent on successful evasion of the host innate immune system. During the initial stage of fungal infection, a complex network of innate immune factors are activated. C. neoformans utilizes a number of strategies to overcome the anti‑fungal mechanisms of the host innate immune system and cross the BBB. In the present review, the defensive mechanisms of C. neoformans against the innate immune system and its ability to cross the BBB were discussed, with an emphasis on recent insights into the activities of anti‑phagocytotic and anti‑oxidative factors in C. neoformans.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Loyse A, Thangaraj H, Eastervrook P, Ford N, Roy M, Chiller T, Govender N, Harrison TS and Bicanic T: Cryptococcal meningitis: Improving access to essential antifungal medicines in resource-poor countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 13:629–637. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Beardsley J, Wolbers M, Kibengo FM, Ggayi AB, Kamali A, Cuc NT, Binh TQ, Chau NV, Farrar J, Merson L, et al: Adjunctive dexamethasone in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 374:542–554. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Fang W, Fa Z and Liao W: Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China. Fungal Genet Biol. 78:7–15. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Liu TB, Kim JC, Wang Y, Toffaletti DL, Eugenin E, Perfect JR, Kim KJ and Xue C: Brain inositol is a novel stimulator for promoting Cryptococcus penetration of the blood-brain barrier. PLoS Pathog. 9:e10032472013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Jong A, Wu CH, Prasadarao NV, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang YC, Ouyang Y, Shackleford GM and Huang SH: Invasion of Cryptococcus neoformans into human brain microvascular endothelial cells requires protein kinase C-alpha activation. Cell Microbiol. 10:1854–1865. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Panackal AA, Wuest SC, Lin YC, Wu T, Zhang N, Kosa P, Komori M, Blake A, Browne SK, Rosen LB, et al: Paradoxical immune responses in non-HIV Cryptococcal meningitis. PLoS Pathog. 11:e10048842015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Graciela Agar CH, Orozco Rosalba V, Macias Ivan C, Agnes F, Juan Luis GA and José Luis SH: Cryptococcal choroid plexitis an uncommon fungal disease. Case report and review. Can J Neurol Sci. 36:117–122. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kumari R, Raval M and Dhun A: Cryptococcal choroid plexitis: Rare imaging findings of central nervous system cryptococcal infection in an immunocompetent individual. Br J Radiol. 83:e14–e17. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Schwerk C, Tenenbaum T, Kim KS and Schroten H: The choroid pleus-a multi-role player during infectious diseases of the CNS. Front Cell Neurosci. 9:802015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ngamskulrungroj P, Chang Y, Sionov E and Kwon-Chung KJ: The primary target organ of Cryptococcus gattii is different from that of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. MBio. 3:e00103–e00112. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Nathan C and Shiloh MU: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen inter-mediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:pp. 8841–8848. 2000, View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Almeida F, Wolf JM and Casadevall A: Virulence-associated enzymes of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 14:1173–1185. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

de Jesús-Berríos M, Liu L, Nussbaum JC, Cox GM, Stamler JS and Heitman J: Enzymes that counteract nitrosative stress promote fungal virulence. Curr Biol. 13:1963–1968. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Kwon-Chung KJ, Fraser JA, Doering TL, Wang Z, Janbon G, Idnurm A and Bahn YS: Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, the etiologic agents of cryptococcosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 4:a0197602014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Upadhya R, Campbll LT, Donlin MJ, Aurora R and Lodge JK: Global transcriptome profile of Cryptococcus neoformans during exposure to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. PLoS One. 8:e551102013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Voelz K, Lammas DA and May RC: Cytokine signaling regulates the outcome of intracellular macrophage parasitism by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 77:3450–3457. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Redlich S, Ribes S, Schütze S, Eiffert H and Nau R: Toll-like receptor stimulation increases phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation. 10:712013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chrisman CJ, Albuquerque P, Guimaraes AJ, Nieves E and Casadevall A: Phospholipids trigger Cryptococcus neoformans capsular enlargement during interactions with amoebae and macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 7:e10020472011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Alvarez M and Casadevall A: Cell-to-cell spread and massive vacuole formation after Cryptococcus neoformans infection of murine macrophages. BMC Immunol. 8:162007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Rohatgi S and Pirofski LA: Host immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans. Future Microbiol. 10:565–581. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Mambula SS, Simons ER, Hastey R, Selsted ME and Levitz SM: Human neutrophil-mediated nonoxidative antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 68:6257–6264. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Winterbourn CC, Vissers MC and Kettle AJ: Myeloperoxidase. Curr Opin Hematol. 7:53–58. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Alcouloumre MS, Ghannoum MA, Ibrahim AS, Selsted ME and Edwards JE Jr: Fungicidal properties of defensin NP-1 and activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 37:2628–2632. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Wozniak KL and Levitz SM: Cryptococcus neoformans enters the endolysosomal pathway of dendritic cells and is killed by lysosomal components. Infect Immun. 76:4764–4771. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Islam A, Li SS, Oykhman P, Timm-McCann M, Huston SM, Stack D, Xiang RF, Kelly MM and Mody CH: An acidic microenvironment increases KN cell killing Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by enhancing perforin degtanulation. PLoS Pathog. 9:e10034392013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Marr KJ, Jones GJ, Zheng C, Huston SM, Timm-McCann M, Islam A, Berenger BM, Ma LL, Wisenman JC and Mody CH: Cryptococcus neoformans directly stimulates perforin production and rearms NK cells for enhanced anticryptococcal microbicidal activity. Infect Immun. 77:2436–2446. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Rodrigues ML, Nakayasu ES, Oliveira DL, Nimrichter L, Nosanchuk JD, Almeida IC and Casadevall A: Extracellular vesicles produced by Cryptococcus neoformans contain protein components associated with virulence. Eukaryot Cell. 7:58–67. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Doering TL: How sweet it is! Cell wall biogenesis and polysaccharide capsule formation in Cryptococcus neoformans. Annu Rev Microbiol. 63:223–247. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Leopold Wager CM, Hole CR, Wozniak KL, Olszewski MA and Wormley FL Jr: STAT1 signaling is essential for protection against Cryptococcus neoformans infection in mice. J Immunol. 193:4060–4071. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Haynes BC, Skowyra ML, Spencer SJ, Gish SR, Williams M, Held EP, Brent MR and Doering TL: Toward an integrated model of capsule regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Pathog. 7:e10024112011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Villena SN, Pinheiro RO, Pinheiro CS, Nunes MP, Takiya CM, Dosreis GA, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L and Freire-de-Lima CG: Capsular polysaccharides galactoxylomannan and glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans induce macrophage apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand. Cell Microbiol. 10:1274–1285. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yauch LE, Lam JS and Levitz SM: Direct inhibition of T-cell responses by the Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan. PLoS Pathog. 2:e1202006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lupo P, Chang YC, Kelsall BL, Farber JM, Pietrella D, Vecchiarelli A, Leon F and Kwon-Chung KJ: The presence of capsule in Cryptococcus neoformans influences the gene expression profile in dendritic cells during interaction with the fungus. Infect Immun. 76:1581–1589. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Chatterjee S, Prados-Rosales R, Itin B, Casadevall A and Stark RE: Solid-state NMR reveals the carbon-based molecular architecture of Cryptococcus neoformans fungal eumelanins in the cell wall. J Biol Chem. 290:13779–13790. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Sundaram C, Shantveer GU, Umabala P and Lakshmi V: Diagnostic utility of melanin production by fungi: Study on tissue sections and culture smears with Masson-Fontana stain. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 57:217–222. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Nosanchuk JD, Rosas AL, Lee SC and Casadevall A: Melanisation of Cryptococcus neoformans in human brain tissue. Lancet. 355:2049–2050. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Mauch RM, Cunha Vde O and Dias AL: The copper interference with the melanogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 55:117–120. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Santangelo R, Zoellner H, Sorrell T, Wilson C, Donald C, Djordjevic J, Shounan Y and Wright L: Role of extracellular phospholipases and mononuclear phagocytes in dissemination of cryptococcosis in a murine model. Infect Immun. 72:2229–2239. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Evans RJ, Li Z, Hughes WS, Djordjevic JT, Nielsen K and May RC: Cryptococcal phospholipase B1 is required for intracellular proliferation and control of titan cell morphology during macrophage infection. Infect Immun. 83:1296–1304. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Maruvada R, Zhu L, Pearce D, Zheng Y, Perfect J, Kwon-Chung KJ and Kim KS: Cryptococcus neoformans phospholipase B1 activates host cell Rac1 for traversal across the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol. 14:1544–1553. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Rawson RB: The site-2 protease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1828:2801–2807. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Desalermos A, Tan X, Rajamuthiah R, Arvanitis M, Wang Y, Li D, Kourkoumpetis TK, Fuchs BB and Mylonakis E: A multi-host approach for the systematic analysis of virulence factors in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Infect Dis. 211:298–305. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Morrow CA and Fraser JA: Is the nickel-dependent urease complex of Cryptococcus the pathogen's Achilles' heel? MBio. 4:e00408–e00413. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Singh A, Panting RJ, Varma A, Saijo T, Waldron KJ, Jong A, Ngamskulrungroj P, Chang YC, Rutherford JC and Kwon-Chung KJ: Factors required for activation of urease as a virulence determinant in Cryptococcus neoformans. MBio. 4:e00220–13. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Olszewski MA, Noverr MC, Chen GH, Toews GB, Cox GM, Perfect JR and Huffnagle GB: Urease expression by Cryptococcus neoformans promotes microvascular sequestration, thereby enhancing central nervous system invasion. Am J Pathol. 164:1761–1771. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Breitenbach M, Weber M, Rinnerthaler M, Karl T and Breitenbach-Koller L: Oxidative stress in fungi: Its function in signal transduction, interaction with plant hosts, and lignocellulose degradation. Biomolecules. 5:318–342. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Toledano MB, Delaunay-Moisan A, Outten CE and Igbaria A: Functions and cellular copartmentation of the thioredoxin and glutathione pathways in yeast. Antioxid Redox Signal. 18:1699–1711. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Missall TA, Pusateri ME and Lodge JK: Thiol peroxidase is critical for virulence and resistance to nitric oxide and peroxide in the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol. 51:1447–1458. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Benhar M, Shytaj IL, Stamler JS and Savarino A: Dual targeting of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in cancer and HIV. J Clin Invest. 126:1630–1639. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Missall TA and Lodge JK: Function of thioredoxin proteins in Cryptococcus neoformans during stress or virulence and regulation by putative transcriptional modulators. Mol Microbiol. 57:847–858. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Benhar M: Nitric oxide and the thioredoxin system: A complex interplay in redox regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1850:2476–2484. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Netto LE and Antunes F: The roles of peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin in hydrogen peroxide sensing and in signal transduction. Mol Cells. 39:65–71. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Lu J and Holmgren A: The thioredoxin antioxidant system. Free Radic Biol Med. 66:75–87. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Yoshioka J: Thioredoxin superfamily and its effects on cardiac physiology and pathology. Compr Physlol. 5:513–530. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Ianiri G and Idnurm A: Essential gene discovery in the basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans for antifungal drug target prioritization. MBio. 6:e02334–14. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Missall TA and Lodge JK: Thioredoxin reductase is essential for viability in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 4:487–489. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Kalinina EV, Chernov NN and Novivhkova MD: Role of glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes. Biochemistry (Mosc). 79:1562–1583. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Lu J and Holmgren A: The thioredoxin antioxidant system. Free Radic Biol Med. 66:75–87. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Grant CM: Role of the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems in yeast growth and response to stress conditions. Mol Microbiol. 39:533–541. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Hanschmann EM, Godoy JR, Berndt C, Hudemann C and Lilling CH: Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and peroxiredoxins-molecular mechanisms and health significance: From cofactors to antioxidants to redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 19:1539–1605. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Narasipura SD, Chaturvedi V and Chaturvedi S: Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii SOD2 reveals distinct roles of the two superoxide dismutases in fungal biology and virulence. Mol Microbiol. 55:1782–1800. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Cox GM, Harrison TS, McDade HC, Taborda CP, Heinrich G, Casadevall A and Perfect JR: Superoxide dismutase influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by affecting growth within macrophages. Infect Immun. 71:173–180. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Narasipura SD, Ault JG, Behr MJ, Chaturvedi V and Chaturvedi S: Characterization of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene knock-out mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: Role in biology and virulence. Mol Microbiol. 47:1681–1694. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Giles SS, Stajich JE, Nichols C, Gerrald QD, Alspaugh JA, Dietrich F and Perfect JR: The Cryptococcus neoformans catalase gene family and its role in antioxidant defense. Eukaryot Cell. 5:1447–1459. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Giles SS, Perfect JR and Cox GM: Cytochrome c peroxidase contributes to the antioxidant defense of Cryptococcus neoformans. Fungal Genet Biol. 42:20–29. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Akhter S, McDade HC, Gorlach JM, Heinrich G, Cox GM and Perfect JR: Role of alternative oxidase gene in pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 71:5794–5802. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Vu K, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS and Gelli A: Cryptococcus neoformans promotes its transmigration into the central nervous system by inducing molecular and cellular changes in brain endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 81:3139–3147. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Zou LL, Ma JL, Wang T, Yang TB and Liu CB: Cell-penetrating peptide-mediated therapeutic molecule delivery into the central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol. 11:197–208. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Tseng HK, Liu CP, Price MS, Jong AY, Chang JC, Toffaletti DL, Betancourt-Quiroz M, Frazzitta AE, Cho WL and Perfect JR: Identification of genes from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans related to transmigration into the central nervous system. PLoS One. 7:e450832012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Stie J and Fox D: Blood-brain barrier invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans is enhanced by functional interactions with plasmin. Microbiology. 158:240–258. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Shi M, Li SS, Zheng C, Jones GJ, Kim KS, Zhou H, Kubes P and Mody CH: Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain. J Clin Invest. 120:1683–1693. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Charlier C, Chrétien F, Baudrimont M, Mordelet E, Lortholary O and Dromer F: Capsule structure changes associated with Cryptococcus neoformans crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Am J Pathol. 166:421–432. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Chang YC, Wang Z, Flax LA, Xu D, Esko JD, Nizet V and Baron MJ: Glycosaminoglycan binding facilitates entry of a bacterial pathogen into central nervous systems. PLoS Pathog. 7:e10020822011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Vu K, Weksler B, Romero I, Couraud PO and Gelli A: Immortalized human brain endothelial cell line HCMEC/D3 as a model of the blood-brain barrier facilitates in vitro studies of central nervous system infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell. 8:1803–1807. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Jong A, Wu CH, Gonzales-Gomez I, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang YC, Tseng HK, Cho WL and Huang SH: Hyaluronic acid receptor CD44 deficiency is associated with decreased Cryptococcus neoformans brain infection. J Biol Chem. 287:15298–15306. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Jong A, Wu CH, Chen HM, Luo F, Kwon-Chuang KJ, Chang YC, Lamunyon CW, Plaas A and Huang SH: Identification and characterization of CPS1 as a hyaluronic acid synthase contributing to the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Eukaryot Cell. 6:1486–1496. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Huang SH, Long M, Wu CH, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang YC, Chi F, Lee S and Jong A: Invasion of Cryptococcus neoformans into human brain microvascular endothelial cells is mediated through the lipid rafts-endocytic pathway via the dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (DYRK3). J Biol Chem. 286:34761–34769. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Long M, Huang SH, Shackleford GM and Jong A: Lipid raft/caveolae signaling is required for Cryptococcus neoformans invasion into human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Biomed Sci. 19:192012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Jong A, Wu CH, Shackleford GM, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang YC, Chen HM, Quyang Y and Huang SH: Involvement of human CD44 during Cryptococcus neoformans infection of brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 10:1313–1326. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Vu K, Tham R, Uhrig JP, Thompson GR III, Pombejra Na S, Jamklang M, Bautos JM and Gelli A: Invasion of the central nervous system by Cryptococcus neoformans requires a secreted fungal metalloprotease. MBio. 5:e01101–e1114. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Kim KS: Mechanisms of microbial traversal of the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol. 6:625–634. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Stie J, Bruni G and Fox D: Surface-associated plasminogen binding of Cryptococcus neoformans promotes extracellular matrix invasion. PLoS One. 4:e57802009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Charlier C, Chrétien F, Lortholary O and Dromer F: Early capsule structure changes associated with Cryptococcus neoformans crossing of the blood-brain barrier. Med Sci (Paris). 21:685–687. 2005.(In French). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Chen SH, Stins MF, Huang SH, Chen YH, Kwon-Chung KJ, Chang Y, Kim KS, Suzuki K and Jong AY: Cryptococcus neoformans induces alterations in the cytoskeleton of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Med Microbiol. 52:961–970. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Charlier C, Nielsen K, Daou S, Brigitte M, Chretien F and Dromer F: Evidence of a role for monocytes in dissemination and brain invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 77:120–127. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Alvarez M and Casadevall A: Phagosome extrusion and host-cell survival after Cryptococcus neoformans phagocytosis by macrophages. Curr Biol. 16:2161–2165. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Coelho C, Souza AC, Derengowski Lda S, de Leon-Rodriguez C, Wang B, Leon-Rivera R, Bocca AL, Gonçalves T and Casadevall A: Macrophage mitochondrial and stress response to ingestion of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol. 194:2345–2357. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Sorrell TC, Juillard PG, Djordjevic JT, Kaufman-Francis K, Dietman A, Milonig A, Combes V and Grau GE: Cryptococcal transmigration across a model brain blood-barrier: Evidence of the Trojan horse mechanism and differences between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii strain H99 and Cryptococcus gattii strain R265. Microbes Infect. 18:57–67. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Ma H, Croudace JE, Lammas DA and May RC: Direct cell-to-cell spread of a pathogenic yeast. BMC Immunol. 8:152007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Davis MJ, Eastman AJ, Qiu Y, Greorka B, Kozel TR, Osterholzer JJ, Curtis JL, Swanson JA and Olszewski MA: Cryptococcus neoformans-induced macrophage lysosome damage crucially contributes to fungal virulence. J Immunol. 194:2219–2231. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Liu TB, Perlin DS and Xue C: Molecular mechanisms of cryptococcal meningitis. Virulence. 3:173–181. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Alanio A, Vernel-Pauillac F, Sturny-Leclère A and Dromer F: Cryptococcus neoformans host adaptation: Toward biological evidence of dormancy. MBio. 6:e02580–14. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang CL, Wang J and Zou LL: Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review). Exp Ther Med 14: 5243-5250, 2017.
APA
Yang, C., Wang, J., & Zou, L. (2017). Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 5243-5250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5220
MLA
Yang, C., Wang, J., Zou, L."Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.6 (2017): 5243-5250.
Chicago
Yang, C., Wang, J., Zou, L."Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 6 (2017): 5243-5250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5220
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang CL, Wang J and Zou LL: Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review). Exp Ther Med 14: 5243-5250, 2017.
APA
Yang, C., Wang, J., & Zou, L. (2017). Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 5243-5250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5220
MLA
Yang, C., Wang, J., Zou, L."Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14.6 (2017): 5243-5250.
Chicago
Yang, C., Wang, J., Zou, L."Innate immune evasion strategies against Cryptococcal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 14, no. 6 (2017): 5243-5250. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.5220
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team