Itraconazole attenuates hepatic gluconeogenesis and promotes glucose uptake by regulating AMPK pathway

The primarily metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the defect in gluconeo­genesis and glucose uptake. Itraconazole (ITCZ) is a traditional azole drug with anti‑fungal and anticancer properties. However, limited attention has been directed towards the contribution of ITCZ to hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake in T2DM. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effects of ITCZ on hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake as well as the underlying mechanisms. No obvious change in cell viability was detected by MTT assay in HepG2 cells with ITCZ treatment at gradually increasing concentrations. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation level of 5' adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) was significantly elevated by ITCZ treatment at ≥5 µg/ml (P<0.05). Moreover, ITCZ repressed the gluconeogenesis of HepG2 cells, as evidenced by the dose‑dependently increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation level and a notably decreased glucose production rate (P<0.05). Simultaneously, the expression of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ co‑activator 1α, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose‑6‑phosphatase (G6Pase) in HepG2 cells was reduced by ITCZ in a dose‑dependent manner (P<0.001). Furthermore, a 2‑deoxyglucose uptake assay revealed that the glucose uptake of HepG2 cells was notably enhanced, accompanied by the ITCZ dose‑dependent upregulation of glucose transporter‑4 (GLUT‑4) (P<0.05). Conversely, silencing of AMPK by small interfering RNA resulted in an increase of ITCZ‑reduced gluconeogenesis and inhibition of ITCZ‑induced glucose uptake with relative upregulation of PEPCK and G6Pase and downregulation of GLUT4 in the presence of 50 µg/ml ITCZ (P<0.05). Overall, the results indicated that AMPK has an important role in regulating ITCZ‑induced glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT4 in HepG2 cells. Therefore, ITCZ may become a promising candidate for T2DM therapy.