Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs

  • Authors:
    • Yubo Sun
    • Alex J. Kiraly
    • Michael Cox
    • David R. Mauerhan
    • Edward N. Hanley
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA
    Copyright: © Sun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3320-3328
    |
    Published online on: February 7, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5846
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Phosphocitrate (PC) and its analogue, PC‑β ethyl ester, inhibit articular cartilage degeneration in Hartley guinea pigs. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that PC exerted its disease‑modifying effect on osteoarthritis (OA), in part, by inhibiting a molecular program similar to that in the endochondral pathway of ossification. The results demonstrated that severe proteoglycan loss occurred in the superficial and middle zones, as well as in the calcified zone of articular cartilage in the Hartley guinea pigs. Subchondral bone advance was greater in the control Hartley guinea pigs compared with PC‑ or PC analogue‑treated guinea pigs. Resorption of cartilage bars or islands and vascular invasion in the growth plate were also greater in the control guinea pigs compared with the PC‑ or PC analogue‑treated guinea pigs. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase‑13 and type X collagen within the articular cartilage and growth plate were significantly increased in the control guinea pigs compared with PC‑treated guinea pigs (P<0.05). These results indicated that articular chondrocytes in Hartley guinea pigs exhibited a hypertrophic phenotype and recapitulated a developmental molecular program similar to the endochondral pathway of ossification. Activation of this molecular program resulted in resorption of calcified articular cartilage and subchondral bone advance. This suggests that PC and PC analogues exerted their OA disease‑modifying activity, in part, by inhibiting this molecular program.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Brown TD, Johnston RC, Saltzman CL, Marsh JL and Buckwalter JA: Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: A first estimate of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease. J Orthop Trauma. 20:739–744. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Olney RC: Mechanisms of impaired growth: Effect of steroids on bone and cartilage. Horm Res. 72 Suppl 1:S30–S35. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, Dragomir C, Favero M, El Hachem K, Hashimoto K, Roach HI, Olivotto E, Borzì RM and Marcu KB: Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism: Signals and multiple effectors converge upon MMP-13 regulation in osteoarthritis. Eur Cell Mater. 21:202–220. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Martel-Pelletier J, Welsch DJ and Pelletier JP: Metalloproteases and inhibitors in arthritic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 15:805–829. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Burrage PS and Brinckerhoff CE: Molecular targets in osteoarthritis: Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Curr Drug Targets. 8:293–303. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Lotz MK, Otsuki S, Grogan SP, Sah R, Terkeltaub R and D'Lima D: Cartilage cell clusters. Arthritis Rheum. 62:2206–2218. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

van der Kraan PM and van den Berg WB: Chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoarthritis: Role in initiation and progression of cartilage degeneration? Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 20:223–232. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Tchetina EV, Squires G and Poole AR: Increased type II collagen degradation and very early focal cartilage degeneration is associated with upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation related genes in early human articular cartilage lesions. J Rheumatol. 32:876–886. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Bertrand J, Cromme C, Umlauf D, Frank S and Pap T: Molecular mechanisms of cartilage remodelling in osteoarthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 42:1594–1601. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Clark JM: The structure of vascular channels in the subchondral plate. J Anat. 171:105–115. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kawaguchi H: Endochondral ossification signals in cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis progression in experimental mouse models. Mol Cells. 25:1–6. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

12 

D'Angelo M, Yan Z, Nooreyazdan M, Pacifici M, Sarment DS, Billings PC and Leboy PS: MMP-13 is induced during chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Cell Biochem. 77:678–693. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Inada M, Wang Y, Byrne MH, Rahman MU, Miyaura C, López-Otín C and Krane SM: Critical roles for collagenase-3 (Mmp13) in development of growth plate cartilage and in endochondral ossification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:pp. 17192–17197. 2004; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wei F, Zhou J, Wei X, Zhang J, Fleming BC, Terek R, Pei M, Chen Q, Liu T and Wei L: Activation of Indian hedgehog promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and upregulation of MMP-13 in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 20:755–763. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Lane LB and Bullough PG: Age-related changes in the thickness of the calcified zone and the number of tidemarks in adult human articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 62:372–375. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Oettmeier R, Abendroth K and Oettmeier S: Analyses of the tidemark on human femoral heads. II. Tidemark changes in osteoarthrosis-a histological and histomorphometric study in non-decalcified preparations. Acta Morphol Hung. 37:169–180. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Staines KA, Pollard AS, McGonnell IM, Farquharson C and Pitsillides AA: Cartilage to bone transitions in health and disease. J Endocrinol. 219:R1–R12. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Williams G and Sallis JD: Structural factors influencing the ability of compounds to inhibit hydroxyapatite formation. Calcif Tissue Int. 34:169–177. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shankar R, Crowden S and Sallis JD: Phosphocitrate and its analogue N-sulpho-2-amino tricarballylate inhibit aortic calcification. Atherosclerosis. 52:191–198. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Sallis JD, Shankar R, Rees B and Thomson R: Protection of crystal-induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranolysis by phosphocitrate. Biochem Med Metab Biol. 41:56–63. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Nair D, Misra RP, Sallis JD and Cheung HS: Phosphocitrate inhibits a basic calcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem. 272:18920–18925. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Cheung HS, Sallis JD and Struve JA: Specific inhibition of basic calcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate crystal-induction of metalloproteinase synthesis by phosphocitrate. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1315:105–111. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Sun Y, Reuben P, Wenger L, Sallis JD, Demadis KD and Cheung HS: Inhibition of calcium phosphate-DNA coprecipitates induced cell death by phosphocitrates. Front Biosci. 10:803–808. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Cheung HS: Phosphocitrate as a potential therapeutic strategy for crystal deposition disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 3:24–28. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cheung HS, Sallis JD, Demadis KD and Wierzbicki A: Phosphocitrate blocks calcification-induced articular joint degeneration in a guinea pig model. Arthritis Rheum. 54:2452–2461. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sun Y, Mauerhan DR, Franklin AM, Norton J, Hanley EN Jr and Gruber HE: Phosphocitrate is potentially a disease-modifying drug for noncrystal-associated osteoarthritis. Biomed Res Int. 2013:3262672013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sun Y, Roberts A, Mauerhan DR, Sun AR, Norton HJ and Hanley EN Jr: Biological activities of phosphocitrate: A potential meniscal protective agent. Biomed Res Int. 2013:7265812013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Sun Y, Mauerhan DR, Steuerwald NM, Ingram J, Kneisl JS and Hanley EN Jr: Expression of phosphocitrate-targeted genes in osteoarthritis menisci. Biomed Res Int. 2014:2104692014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Turhanen PA, Demadis KD, Peräniemi S and Vepsäläinen JJ: A novel strategy for the preparation of naturally occuring phosphocitrate and its partially esterified derivatives. J Org Chem. 72:1468–1471. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bendele AM, White SL and Hulman JF: Osteoarthrosis in guinea pigs: Histopathologic and scanning electron microscopic features. Lab Anim Sci. 39:115–121. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Kuyinu EL, Narayanan G, Nair LS and Laurencin CT: Animal models of osteoarthritis: Classification, update and measurement of outcomes. J Orthop Surg Res. 11:192016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Poole R, Blake S, Buschmann M, Goldring S, Laverty S, Lockwood S, Matyas J, McDougall J, Pritzker K, Rudolphi K, et al: Recommendations for the use of preclinical models in the study and treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 18 Suppl 3:S10–S16. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Jimenez PA, Glasson SS, Trubetskoy OV and Haimes HB: Spontaneous osteoarthritis in Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs: Histologic, radiologic and biochemical changes. Lab Anim Sci. 47:598–601. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Huebner JL, Seifer DR and Kraus VB: A longitudinal analysis of serum cytokines in the Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 15:354–356. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Thomsen JS, Straarup TS, Danielsen CC, Oxlund H and Brüel A: No effect of risedronate on articular cartilage damage in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 42:408–416. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Thomsen JS, Straarup TS, Danielsen CC, Oxlund H and Brüel A: Relationship between articular cartilage damage and subchondral bone properties and meniscal ossification in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 40:391–399. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Horcajada MN, Sanchez C, Membrez Scalfo F, Drion P, Comblain F, Taralla S, Donneau AF, Offord EA and Henrotin Y: Oleuropein or rutin consumption decreases the spontaneous development of osteoarthritis in the Hartley guinea pig. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 23:94–102. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Sun Y, Haines N, Roberts A, Ruffolo M, Mauerhan DR, Mihalko KL, Ingram J, Cox M and Hanley EN Jr: Disease-modifying effects of phosphocitrate and phosphocitrate-beta-ethyl ester on partial meniscectomy-induced osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 16:2702015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Huebner JL, Hanes MA, Beekman B, TeKoppele JM and Kraus VB: A comparative analysis of bone and cartilage metabolism in two strains of guinea-pig with varying degrees of naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 10:758–767. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Sun Y, Mauerhan DR, Kneisl JS, Norton HJ, Zinchenko N and Ingram JA: Histologic evidence for collagen and proteoglycan changes in menisci of osteoarthritic patients. Proceedings of the ACR/ARHP 75th Annual Scientific Meeting. Chicago, IL. 2011;

41 

Kirsch T, Swoboda B and Nah H: Activation of annexin II and V expression, terminal differentiation, mineralization and apoptosis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 8:294–302. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kim HA, Lee YJ, Seong SC, Choe KW and Song YW: Apoptotic chondrocyte death in human osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 27:455–462. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Kouri JB, Aguilera JM, Reyes J, Lozoya KA and González S: Apoptotic chondrocytes from osteoarthrotic human articular cartilage and abnormal calcification of subchondral bone. J Rheumatol. 27:1005–1019. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Sophia Fox AJ, Bedi A and Rodeo SA: The basic science of articular cartilage: Structure, composition and function. Sports Health. 1:461–468. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Marini S, Fasciglione GF, Monteleone G, Maiotti M, Tarantino U and Coletta M: A correlation between knee cartilage degradation observed by arthroscopy and synovial proteinases activities. Clin Biochem. 36:295–304. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Ozler K, Aktas E, Atay C, Yilmaz B, Arikan M and Güngör Ş: Serum and knee synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase-13 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in patients with late-stage osteoarthritis. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 50:356–361. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Molloy ES, Morgan MP, McDonnell B, O'byrne J and McCarthy GM: BCP crystals increase prostacyclin production and upregulate the prostacyclin receptor in OA synovial fibroblasts: Potential effects on mPGES1 and MMP-13. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 15:414–420. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Cooper CM and Sallis JD: Studies on the gastrointestinal absorption of phosphocitrate, a powerful controller of hydroxyapatite formation. Int J Pharm. 98:165–172. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sun Y, Kiraly AJ, Cox M, Mauerhan DR and Hanley EN: The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs. Exp Ther Med 15: 3320-3328, 2018.
APA
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A.J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D.R., & Hanley, E.N. (2018). The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3320-3328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5846
MLA
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A. J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D. R., Hanley, E. N."The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3320-3328.
Chicago
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A. J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D. R., Hanley, E. N."The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3320-3328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5846
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sun Y, Kiraly AJ, Cox M, Mauerhan DR and Hanley EN: The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs. Exp Ther Med 15: 3320-3328, 2018.
APA
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A.J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D.R., & Hanley, E.N. (2018). The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 3320-3328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5846
MLA
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A. J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D. R., Hanley, E. N."The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15.4 (2018): 3320-3328.
Chicago
Sun, Y., Kiraly, A. J., Cox, M., Mauerhan, D. R., Hanley, E. N."The role of inhibition by phosphocitrate and its analogue in chondrocyte differentiation and subchondral bone advance in Hartley guinea pigs". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 15, no. 4 (2018): 3320-3328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.5846
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team