Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Zhang,Juhong; Wang,Na; Xu,Anting

doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6479

Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Authors:
- Juhong Zhang
- Na Wang
- Anting Xu
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Affiliations: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
Published online on: July 19, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6479
Pages: 2460-2470
Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The current study analyzed gene expression profiles of the endolymphatic sac (ES) in rats and identified expressed genes, present in the human and rat ES, to reveal key hubs for inﬂammatory responses. Microarray data (accession no. E‑MEXP‑3022) were obtained from the European Bioinformatics Institute database, including three biological replicates of ES plus dura tissues and three replicates of pure dura tissues form rats. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the Linear Model for Microarray data method and a protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using data from the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database followed by a module analysis via Clustering with Overlapping Neighborhood Expansion. Function enrichment analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online tool. A total of 612 DEGs were identified, including 396 upregulated and 216 downregulated genes. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis indicated DEGs were associated with cell adhesion, including α5‑integrin (Itga1) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1); T cell co‑stimulation, including C‑C chemokine ligand (Ccl)21 and Ccl19; and the toll‑like receptor signaling pathway, including toll‑like receptor (Tlr)2, Tlr7 and Tlr8. These conclusions were supported by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealing extracellular matrix‑receptor interaction, including Itga1 and Spp1; leukocyte transendothelial migration, includingclaudin‑4 (Cldn4); and malaria, including Tlr2. The hub roles of Itga1, Cd24 and Spp1 were revealed by calculating three topological properties of the PPI network. Ccl21, Ccl19 and Cldn4 were demonstrated to be crucial following significant module analysis according to the corresponding threshold, which revealed they were enriched in inflammation pathways. Tlr7, Tlr2, granzyme m and Tlr8 were common genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in rat and human ES. In conclusion, abnormal expression of the aforementioned inﬂammation‑associated genes may be associated with the development of autoimmune inner ear diseases.

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