Open Access

Protective effect of remote ischemic pre‑conditioning on patients undergoing cardiac bypass valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial

  • Authors:
    • Xiuling Jin
    • Liangrong Wang
    • Liling Li
    • Xiyue Zhao
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: January 21, 2019     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7192
  • Pages: 2099-2106
  • Copyright: © Jin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Remote ischemic pre‑conditioning (RIPC) may have a protective effect on myocardial injury associated with cardiac bypass surgery (CPB). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of RIPC on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and to assess the underlying mechanisms. A total of 241 patients who underwent valve replacement were randomly assigned to receive either RIPC (n=121) or control group (n=120). The primary endpoint was peri‑operative myocardial injury (PMI), which was determined by serum Highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hsTnT). The secondary endpoint was the blood gas indexes, acute lung injury and length of intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay and major adverse cardiovascular events. The results indicated that in comparison with control group, RIPC treatment reduced the levels of hsTnT at 6 and 24 h post‑CPB (P<0.001), as well as the alveolar‑arterial oxygen pressure difference and respiratory index after CPB. Furthermore, RIPC reduced the incidence of acute lung injury by 15.3% (54.1% in the control group vs. 41.3% in the RIPC group, P=0.053). It was indicated that RIPC provided myocardial and pulmonary protection during CPB. In addition, the length of the intensive care unit and hospital stay was reduced by RIPC. Mechanistic investigation revealed a reduced content of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‑1, endothelin‑1 and malondialdehyde, as well as elevated levels of nitric oxide in the RIPC group compared with those in the control group. This indicated that RIPC protected against I/R injury associated with CPB through reducing the inflammatory response and oxidative damage, as well as improving pulmonary vascular tension. In conclusion, RIPC reduced myocardial and pulmonary injury associated with CPB. This protective effect may be associated with the inhibition of the inflammatory response and oxidative injury. The present study proved the efficiency of this approach in reducing ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clinical trial registry no. ChiCTR1800015393.

Introduction

Heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a primary treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. As blood circulation in the myocardium is avoided during heart surgery, ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury may occur during cardioplegic arrest.

A prominent characteristic of ischaemic injury is a reduced vascular endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Nitric oxide (NO) (1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) (2) are two critical endothelium-derived factors. NO has a fundamental biological role in protecting organs (such as the heart) against I/R injury (35). In particular, the protective role of NO in the heart (6) and kidney (7) have been proven. Furthermore, the generation of ET-1 is aggravated under ischaemic conditions (8). In addition, substantial evidence has indicated that I/R injury associated with CPB is in closely linked with the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) (9,10). The important roles of inflammation have also been reported in the pathogenesis of brain ischemia (1113). Various inflammatory factors, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and ET-1 (14), participate in inflammatory processes. Furthermore, oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of I/R injury (15).

It has been proved that the production of oxygen radicals is directly associated with major tissue and organ damage (16). Furthermore, toxic oxygen metabolites, including the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) (17), exert damaging effects on multiple pathophysiological processes.

Peri-operative myocardial injury (PMI) is a type of injury that typically occurs in patients who received valve surgery (18). Furthermore, due to the effects of anesthetic drugs and mechanical ventilation, pulmonary compliance of the patients gradually decreases with the time of ventilation progressing. During CPB, the pulmonary function is impaired by the continuous low perfusion of the lungs and pre-flush-mediated blood dilution (19). Such lung I/R injury may affect the functions of other organs in the patients after the operation.

Based on these investigations, it is necessary to develop effective therapeutic interventions so as to protect against tissue injury (20). Remote ischaemic pre-conditioning (RIPC) has been recognized as a low-cost, non-invasive intervention method by applying brief ischaemia and reperfusion on an arm or a leg. RIPC exerts protective effects on remote tissue or organs against lethal acute I/R injury (2124). RIPC may be achieved by performing a standard blood-pressure cuff (25). While the effect is not obvious under certain conditions (2527), application of RIPC has produced beneficial outcomes in patients who received open-heart surgery (2730) or coronary intervention (31). In addition, the protective effect of RIPC on the kidney has been previously demonstrated (32). However, whether RIPC has the capacity to prevent myocardial and lung I/R injury has remained to be fully demonstrated.

The overall objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of RIPC on myocardial and lung I/R injury. Furthermore, the present study aimed to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Study design

The present randomized controlled trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China). Written informed consent was received from each patient included in the study. Patients who received valve surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China) between July 2012 and July 2015 were recruited. The inclusion criteria were mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease or combined valvular disease and patients with stable hemodynamic blood. The exclusion criteria were, infection, chronic lung disease, medications that may interfere with RIPC, pregnancy, renal disease, cardiac arrest during hospital admission and peripheral arterial disease affecting the limbs, complicated coronary heart disease, complicated hypertension, congenital heart valve disease, preoperative stroke, simultaneous radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation and reoperate. The recruited patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the grouping process, the information regarding treatment allocation was delivered by a nurse who was not involved in the study. The investigators who analyzed the data were blinded to the treatment allocation.

Intervention

In the RIPC and control groups, surgery was initiated after anaesthesia and completed prior to sternotomy. An intense multi-limb method was performed consisting of two 5-min cycles of simultaneous upper arm and thigh cuff inflation and deflation (simultaneous inflation to 200 mmHg, left inflation for 5 min and then deflation to 0 mmHg and left deflated for 5 min) (32). In the control group, patients were not subjected to any preconditioning. The intervention was performed without any arterial line on the arm, and the blood-pressure cuffs on the arms were bound up.

Anesthesia and surgical protocol

Patients were intramuscularly injected with 0.3 mg/kg scopolamine and 0.2 mg/kg morphine at 0.5 h prior to the surgery. All patients were routinely monitored via electrocardiogram, non-invasive blood pressure, invasive radial arterial pressure, heart rate and respiration using a multifunctional monitor. Anaesthesia was induced with imidazole valium (0.1 mg/kg), sufentanyl (0.5 µg/kg), vucuronium bromide (0.15 mg/kg) and propofol (2.0 mg/kg). Mechanical ventilation was maintained by a Datex-Ohmeda Aestiva/5 anaesthesia machine (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK) with the tidal volume set at 8–10 ml/kg and the suction/call ratio set at 1:2. The normal-end tidal carbon dioxide pressure was maintained at 26–32 mmHg by setting the respiratory frequency at 11–13 breaths/min. Myocardium was protected by perfusion of cold blood cardioplegia. The concentration of K+ was 23–24 mmol/l. Surgery was performed with a median sternal incision. The distal ascending aorta was inserted into the arterial infusion tube. The superior and inferior venas cava were inserted into the vena cava drainage tube. The aortic valve was replaced with the atrial cavity tube, and the right superior pulmonary vein was placed in the left cardiac drainage to establish extracorporeal circulation. Mitral valve replacement was performed through the right atrial septal incision, with continuous or intermittent sutures. Aortic valve replacement was performed through the aortic root incision with intermittent suture. If the tricuspid valve has a lesion, it may be shaped or replaced at the same time. A standard CPB was performed using the Stöckert SIII perfusion system (Stöckert GmbH, Munich, Germany), which was followed by valve replacement. The surgery was completed and protamine was employed to achieve heparin reversal (protamine/heparin, 1-1.2:1).

Primary and secondary endpoints

The primary endpoint of the present study was PMI. Highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hsTnT) was detected as a marker for PMI. Furthermore, the present study had two secondary endpoints, one of which were the blood gas indexes, acute lung injury (ALI) and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, while the other one was length of hospital stay and major adverse cardiovascular events at 90 days (death, myocardial infarction or stroke).

Detection of serum markers

Blood samples were collected pre-operatively (T1) and at 5 min (T2), 2 h (T3), 6 h (T4) and 24 h (T5) after CPB. hsTnT was quantitated by one-step enzyme immunoassay technology (Elecsys 2010; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) as described previously (33). hsTnT levels of ≥14 ng/l were considered to indicate severe myocardial injury. The content of sICAM-1 was determined by ELISA (sICAM-1; cat. no. 48T96T; Xitang Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) and the optical density value was recorded by a microplate reader (Multiskan Spectrum; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Furthermore, the level of ET-1 was detected using an immunoassay (ET-1; cat. no. 990826; Beijing Institute of East Asian Institute of Immunology, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The contents of MDA and NO were measured using spectrophotometrical assays (MDA, cat. no. A003-1; NO, cat. no. A013-2; Nanjin Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Jiangsu, China).

Blood gas analysis and ALI estimation

Alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference [P(A-aDO2)] and respiratory index (RI) were considered as blood gas indexes. The partial oxygen pressure (PaO2), partial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) were recorded using an i-STAT (Abbott, Princeton, NJ, USA) and used to calculate the P(A-aDO2) and RI using the following formulas: P(A-aDO2)=(Patm-PH2O) × FiO2-PaCO2/R-PaO2 and RI=P(A-aDO2)/PaO2, where Patm is the atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg and PH2O is the water vapor pressure of 47 mmHg. ALI was estimated according to the diagnostic criteria of American-European Consensus Conference on the acute respiratory distress syndrome/ALI (34): i) PaO2/FiO2 <300 mmHg; ii) no atelectasis, no pleural effusion and no pneumothorax; and iii) no congestive heart failure.

Statistical analysis and sample size estimation

Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups was performed using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon Mann Whitney test for continuous variables that were normally or distributed or not, respectively. The Chi-squared and Fisher's Exact test were used for discontinuous variables. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used to analyze differences among groups for serum markers collected at different time-points. Assuming a statistical power of 90% and a type I error rate of 5%, this required a sample size of 120 subjects (which accommodated withdrawal or missing data-points). SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and GrahPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) were used to analyze the data. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Patients

A total of 280 patients were assessed for recruitment eligibility, and 241 patients were finally enrolled and assigned to the RIPC (n=121) or control (n=120) group (Fig. 1). With regard to the basic characteristics, no significant difference was identified between the two groups (Table I). Furthermore, no adverse events (death, myocardial infarction or stroke) associated with the RIPC protocol were observed.

Table I.

Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups.

Table I.

Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups.

CharacteristicRIPC (n=121)Control group (n=120)
Age (years)45.2±10.0648.2±9.89
Male sex (%)65 (53.7)62 (55.0)
Weight (kg)57.6±11.3655.3±9.86
Single/double valve72/4980/40
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)
  >5593 (76.7)91 (75.8)
  <5529 (23.9)29 (24.1)
NYHA class
  I27 (22.7)25 (20.8)
  II58 (47.9)62 (51.7)
  III31 (25.6)33 (27.5)
  IV2 (1.6)2 (1.7)
AVR22 (18.1)25 (20.8)
DVR47 (38.8)47 (39.2)
MVR53 (43.8)48 (40.0)
Aortic clamp time (min)77.87±28.0980.53±26.32
CPB time (min)114.07±31.04112.80±33.87
Mechanical ventilation time (h)8.8±3.649.2±5.7

[i] Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%). RIPC, remote ischaemic pre-conditioning; NYHA, New York Heart Association; AVR, aortic valve replacement; DVR, double valve replacement; MVR, mitral valve replacement; CPB, cardiac bypass surgery.

Effect of RIPC on myocardial injury and lung injury

The baseline hsTnT levels in the two groups were similar and no significant difference was observed. It was identified that the levels of hsTnT in the RIPC group were reduced at 6 and 24 h post-CPB as compared with those in the control group (P<0.05, Fig. 2). P(A-aDO2) and RI are direct indicators of pulmonary ventilation and oxygenation function (35), and these two parameters exhibited an increasing trend at first, followed by a gradual decline gradual after CPB was performed in each of the two groups [the decline occurred: P(A-aDO2), T4; RI, RIPC, T5, Control, T4]. After CPB, the P(A-aDO2) was identified to be significantly lower in the RIPC group compared with that in the control group at the same time-points (Table II, Fig. 3A). The RI in the control group was significantly higher than that in the RIPC group at 2, 6 and 24 h after CPB (Table II, Fig. 3B). Furthermore, RIPC achieved a reduction in the incidence of ALI from 54.1 to 41.3% (P=0.053 vs. control group, Table II).

Table II.

Summary of study endpoints.

Table II.

Summary of study endpoints.

EndpointControl group (n=120)RIPC group (n=121)Mean difference (95% CI)P-value
hsTnT (µg/l)
  T10.014±0.0160.016±0.018−0.002 (−0.060 to 0.064)>0.999
  T20.020±0.0110.022±0.013−0.001 (−0.061 to 0.063)>0.999
  T30.143±0.0610.122±0.059−0.021 (−0.083 to 0.041)>0.999
  T40.783±0.4120.614±0.336−0.169 (−0.231 to −0.106)<0.001
  T50.536±0.3140.423±0.254−0.113 (−0.175 to −0.050)<0.001
P(A-aDO2) (mmHg)
  T119.96±1.4719.09±6.61−0.8600 (−10.14 to 8.424)>0.999
  T2152.16±23.8089.98±28.70−62.18 (−71.46 to −52.90)<0.001
  T3182.70±47.74142.3±33.17−40.32 (−49.60 to −31.04)<0.001
  T4137.94±31.15121.6±31.54−16.29 (−25.57 to −7.006)<0.001
  T582.83±26.6056.02±18.89−26.81 (−36.09 to −17.53)<0.001
RI
  T10.255±0.140.258±0.080.003 (−0.079 to 0.085)>0.999
  T20.318±0.110.292±0.09−0.026 (−0.108 to 0.056)>0.999
  T31.538±0.750.629±0.20−0.909 (−0.991 to −0.826)<0.001
  T41.057±0.340.739±0.22−0.318 (−0.400 to −0.235)<0.001
  T50.646±0.380.403±0.12−0.243 (−0.325 to −0.160)<0.001
ALI65 (54.1)50 (41.3)NA0.053a
ICU stay (h)72.28±10.553.59±8.45NA <0.001b
Hospital stay (days)17.56±3.6416.98±4.01NA0.241b
Clinical outcome at 90 days
  Death4 (3.3)2 (1.65)NA0.446c
  Myocardial infarction2 (1.67)1 (0.83)NA0.662c
  Stroke1 (0.83)1 (0.83)NA1.000c

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='tfn2-etm-0-0-7192'] } Mean differences, 95% CIs of the differences and P-values in different times of hsTnT, P(A-aDO2) and RI levels were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance.

a P-value determined by chi-square test.

b P-value determined by Student's t-test.

c P-value determined by Fisher's Exact test. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Time-points: T1, prior to surgery; T2, 5 min post-surgery; T3, 2 h post-surgery; T4, 6 h post-surgery; T5, 24 h post-surgery. hsTnT, high-sensitive troponin-T; P(A-aDO2), alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference; RI, respiratory index; ICU, intensive care unit; RIPC, remote ischaemic pre-conditioning; NA, not applicable; ALI, acute lung injury; CI, confidence interval.

Effect of RIPC on other endpoints

The length of ICU stay was shortened by the RIPC treatment (P<0.05, Table II). The duration of the hospital stay in the RIPC group was also short, but not significant compared with that in the control group (P=0.24, Table II). In addition, no significant difference in the occurrence rate of death, myocardial infarction and stroke was identified between the RIPC and the control group (Table II).

Effect of RIPC on inflammatory factors and oxidative stress

The release of sICAM-1 and ET-1, as well as the content of MDA increased at first in the two groups at 5 min after CPB and was further enhanced at 2 h (except for ET-1 in RIPC group), and declined thereafter. However, the extent of the increase of these factors was lower in the RIPC group compared with that in the control group at each corresponding time-point (Fig. 3C-E). Furthermore, the NO levels were increased by the RIPC treatment compared with that in the control group at each corresponding time-point (Fig. 3F).

Discussion

In the present prospective study, it was demonstrated that RIPC decreased the PMI of patients receiving valve replacement. Certain studies have proved that RIPC has beneficial effects in terms of reducing PMI (27,28,30), which has also been demonstrated in a recent meta-analysis (36). However, no significant cardioprotective effect of RIPC was indicated in certain other previous studies (25,37). Notably, RIPC may not reduce hsTnT levels, renal injury or ICU-support requirements in high-risk cardiac surgery in patients receiving generous doses of opioids as well as propofol and volatile anaesthesia, which differed from the effective trials. The intense technique used in the present study was more rapid (requires only 20 min) than the standard single-limb RIPC protocol (requires 40 min). Thus, it was possible to perform multi-limb RIPC prior to sternotomy. Furthermore, the different relative timing of RIPC and the concomitant therapy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery may contribute to the conflicting results among studies (25,26,32).

Another conclusion of the present study was that RIPC treatment elicited protective effects on the lung. Pulmonary artery blood flow was completely disrupted under CPB, and lung I/R injury was induced during this process. Post-operative pulmonary dysfunction has been identified as one of the most important factors contributing to the cardiac surgery-associated mortality (38). Pulmonary oxygenation, an important indicator for evaluating lung function when lung injury occurs, may be directly reflected by the P(A-aDO2) and RI (35). In the present study, RIPC was indicated to achieve a reduction of the P(A-aDO2) and RI after CPB compared with that in the control group, suggesting an improvement in the oxygenation of the patients in RIPC group. In addition, ALI may be triggered by valve replacement surgery (39). Although no significant difference was noted in comparison with the control group, the incidence of ALI was slightly reduced in the RIPC group. Furthermore, the length of ICU and hospital stays following cardiac surgery was shortened by RIPC. This result was in line with a previous study (32). In the present study, RIPC treatment also reduced kidney injury in patients after cardiac surgery (32,40). All of these results proved the protective effect of RIPC on various organs.

Although the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of RIPC remain to be fully elucidated, a mechanistic model for the interaction between the pre-conditioned limb and the remote organ has been proposed (22,41). Previous studies have demonstrated that ischemic pre-conditioning suppressed the inflammatory response and improved the anti-oxidant capacity of tissues (42,43). In addition, the lung is highly susceptible to oxidative stress due to its large surface area (44). The effect of RIPC on the inflammation status and oxidation was then investigated in the present study. The results indicated that the release of sICAM-1 and ET-1 was mitigated and the content of lipid peroxidation product MDA after CPB was decreased by RIPC. These results indicated that RIPC produced a protective effect through inhibiting SIRS and oxidative stress in lung tissues. Furthermore, the decreased ET-1 in the RIPC group also suggested that the strength of myocardial constriction was closely associated with blood vessels. NO is a vasoactive factor and has relaxation effects, which were contrary to ET-1 (45). Consistently, it increased production of NO in the RIPC group, pointing to the improvement of pulmonary vascular tension. Taken together, it was concluded that RIPC elicits a protective effect by reducing the inflammatory status and improving the anti-oxidant capacity.

A limitation of the present study was that the effect of RIPC was not assessed in children, as all subjects were adult patients. The small-scale cohort and single-center design of the present study were further limitations of this study. Undoubtedly, the effect of RIPC should be explored on a larger scale and subjects should be recruited from multiple medical centers.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that RIPC alleviated PMI and lung I/R injury and may improve clinical outcomes, including shortened ICU stay, decreased hsTnT level at 6 and 24 h post-surgery, decreased P(A-aDO2) level beginning from 5 min post-surgery and decreased RI level beginning from 2 h post-surgery, in adult patients undergoing valve replacement. The protective effect of RIPC may be associated with the reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, large-scale and multi-center randomized controlled trials should be performed in order to confirm the precise effects of RIPC.

Acknowledgements

None.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Authors' contributions

XL and LW made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the present study. LL and XZ were responsible for acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. XJ and XZ were responsible for drafting the article and critically revising it for important intellectual content. All authors provided final approval of the version to be published.

Ethical approval and consent to participate

The present randomized controlled trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (Wenzhou, China). Written informed consent was provided by each of the patients included.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

Ignarro LJ, Buga GM, Wood KS, Byrns RE and Chaudhuri G: Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 84:9265–9269. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K and Masaki T: A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 332:411–415. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Jalowy A, Schulz R and Heusch G: AT1 receptor blockade in experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. J Am Soc Nephrol. 10 Suppl 11:S129–S136. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kubota I, Han X, Opel DJ, Zhao YY, Baliga R, Huang P, Fishman MC, Shannon RP, Michel T and Kelly RA: Increased susceptibility to development of triggered activity in myocytes from mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 32:1239–1248. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Bolli R: Cardioprotective function of inducible nitric oxide synthase and role of nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia and preconditioning: An overview of a decade of research. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 33:1897–1918. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Yang XM, Proctor JB, Cui L, Krieg T, Downey JM and Cohen MV: Multiple, brief coronary occlusions during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by targeting cell signaling pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. 44:1103–1110. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Liu X, Chen H, Zhan B, Xing B, Zhou J, Zhu H and Chen Z: Attenuation of reperfusion injury by renal ischemic postconditioning: The role of NO. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 359:628–634. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Hasdai D, Kornowski R and Battler A: Endothelin and myocardial ischemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 8:589–599. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lang SC, Elsässer A, Scheler C, Vetter S, Tiefenbacher CP, Kübler W, Katus HA and Vogt AM: Myocardial preconditioning and remote renal preconditioning-identifying a protective factor using proteomic methods? Basic Res Cardiol. 101:149–158. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zhou W, Zeng D, Chen R, Liu J, Yang G, Liu P and Zhou X: Limb ischemic preconditioning reduces heart and lung injury after an open heart operation in infants. Pediatr Cardiol. 31:22–29. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Casuccio A, Di Raimondo D, Buttà C, Clemente G, Della Corte V, Guggino G, Arnao V, Maida C, et al: Peripheral frequency of CD4+ CD28- cells in acute ischemic stroke: Relationship with stroke subtype and severity markers. Medicine (Baltimore). 94:e8132015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Tuttolomondo A, Pedone C, Pinto A, Di Raimondo D, Fernandez P, Di Sciacca R and Licata G; Gruppo Italiano di Farmacoepidemiologia dell'Anziano (GIFA) researchers, : Predictors of outcome in acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndromes: The GIFA study. Int J Cardiol. 125:391–396. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Di Raimondo D, Tuttolomondo A, Buttà C, Miceli S, Licata G and Pinto A: Effects of ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 18:4385–4413. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Przepiera-Będzak H, Fischer K and Brzosko M: Serum interleukin-18, Fetuin-A, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and endothelin-1 in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and SAPHO syndrome. Int J Mol Sci. 17(pii): E12552016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Dröge W: Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev. 82:47–95. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lønborg J, Kelbaek H, Vejlstrup N, Jørgensen E, Helqvist S, Saunamäki K, Clemmensen P, Holmvang L, Treiman M, Jensen JS and Engstrøm T: Cardioprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention, evaluated by magnetic resonance. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 3:34–41. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hashmi MA, Ahsan B, Shah SIA and Khan MIU: Antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation product in pulmonary tuberculosis. Al Ame en J Med Sci. 5:313–319. 2012.

18 

Muehlschlegel JD, Perry TE, Liu KY, Nascimben L, Fox AA, Collard CD, Avery EG, Aranki SF, D'Ambra MN, Shernan SK, et al: Troponin is superior to electrocardiogram and creatinine kinase MB for predicting clinically significant myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur Heart J. 30:1574–1583. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Erdil N, Eroglu T, Akca B, Disli OM, Yetkin O, Colak MC, Erdil F and Battaloglu B: The effects of N-acetylcysteine on pulmonary functions in patients undergoing on-pump coronary artery surgery: A double blind placebo controlled study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 20:180–187. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bonservizi WG, Koike MK, Saurim R, Felix GA, da Silva SM, Montero EF and Taha MO: Ischemic preconditioning and atenolol on lung injury after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Transplant Proc. 46:1862–1866. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Przyklenk K, Bauer B, Ovize M, Kloner RA and Whittaker P: Regional ischemic ‘preconditioning’ protects remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained coronary occlusion. Circulation. 87:893–899. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hausenloy DJ and Yellon DM: Remote ischaemic preconditioning: Underlying mechanisms and clinical application. Cardiovasc Res. 79:377–386. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Sivaraman V, Pickard JM and Hausenloy DJ: Remote ischaemic conditioning: Cardiac protection from afar. Anaesthesia. 70:732–748. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Heusch G, Bøtker HE, Przyklenk K, Redington A and Yellon D: Remote ischemic conditioning. J Am Coll Cardiol. 65:177–195. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Young PJ, Dalley P, Garden A, Horrocks C, La Flamme A, Mahon B, Miller J, Pilcher J, Weatherall M, Williams J, et al: A pilot study investigating the effects of remote ischemic preconditioning in high-risk cardiac surgery using a randomised controlled double-blind protocol. Basic Res Cardiol. 107:2562012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Rahman IA, Mascaro JG, Steeds RP, Frenneaux MP, Nightingale P, Gosling P, Townsend P, Townend JN, Green D and Bonser RS: Remote ischemic preconditioning in human coronary artery bypass surgery: From promise to disappointment? Circulation. 122:9266672010. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Venugopal V, Hausenloy DJ, Ludman A, Di Salvo C, Kolvekar S, Yap J, Lawrence D, Bognolo J and Yellon DM: Remote ischaemic preconditioning reduces myocardial injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cold-blood cardioplegia: A randomised controlled trial. Heart. 95:1567–1571. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hausenloy DJ, Mwamure PK, Venugopal V, Harris J, Barnard M, Grundy E, Ashley E, Vichare S, Di Salvo C, Kolvekar S, et al: Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 370:575–579. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ali N, Rizwi F, Iqbal A and Rashid A: Induced remote ischemic pre-conditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 20:427–431. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Thielmann M, Kottenberg E, Boengler K, Raffelsieper C, Neuhaeuser M, Peters J, Jakob H and Heusch G: Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass surgery with crystalloid cardioplegic arrest. Basic Res Cardiol. 105:657–664. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Hoole SP, Heck PM, Sharples L, Khan SN, Duehmke R, Densem CG, Clarke SC, Shapiro LM, Schofield PM, O'Sullivan M and Dutka DP: Cardiac remote ischemic preconditioning in coronary stenting (CRISP Stent) study: A prospective, randomized control trial. Circulation. 119:820–827. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Candilio L, Malik A, Ariti C, Barnard M, Di Salvo C, Lawrence D, Hayward M, Yap J, Roberts N, Sheikh A, et al: Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Heart. 101:185–192. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lopez-Calle E, Espindola P, Spinke J, Lutz S, Nichtl A, Tgetgel A, Herbert N, Marcinowski M, Klepp J, Fischer T, et al: A new immunochemistry platform for a guideline-compliant cardiac troponin T assay at the point of care: proof of principle. Clin Chem Lab Med. 55:1798–1804. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, Lamy M, Legall JR, Morris A and Spragg R: The American-European consensus conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149:818–824. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhang C, Gong W, Liu H, Guo Z and Ge S: Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 with low-dose doxycycline reduces acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. Int J Clin Exp Med. 7:4975–4982. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Pilcher JM, Young P, Weatherall M, Rahman I, Bonser RS and Beasley RW: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cardioprotective effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in open cardiac surgery. J R Soc Med. 105:436–445. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Karuppasamy P, Chaubey S, Dew T, Musto R, Sherwood R, Desai J, John L, Shah AM, Marber MS and Kunst G: Remote intermittent ischemia before coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A strategy to reduce injury and inflammation? Basic Res Cardiol. 106:511–519. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Adabag AS, Wassif HS, Rice K, Mithani S, Johnson D, Bonawitz-Conlin J, Ward HB, McFalls EO, Kuskowski MA and Kelly RF: Preoperative pulmonary function and mortality after cardiac surgery. Am Heart J. 159:691–697. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Mazzeffi M, Kassa W, Gammie J, Tanaka K, Roman P, Zhan M, Griffith B and Rock P: Preoperative aspirin use and lung injury after aortic valve replacement surgery: A retrospective cohort study. Anesth Analg. 121:271–277. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zimmerman RF, Ezeanuna PU, Kane JC, Cleland CD, Kempananjappa TJ, Lucas FL and Kramer RS: Ischemic preconditioning at a remote site prevents acute kidney injury in patients following cardiac surgery. Kidney Int. 80:861–867. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Karu I, Tahepold P, Ruusalepp A, Reimann E, Koks S and Starkopf J: Exposure to sixty min of hyperoxia upregulates myocardial humanins in patients with coronary artery disease-a pilot study. J Physiol Pharmacol. 66:899–906. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Pinheiro DF, Fontes B, Shimazaki JK, Heimbecker AM, Jacysyn Jde F, Rasslan S, Montero EF and Utiyama EM: Ischemic preconditioning modifies mortality and inflammatory response. Acta Cir Bras. 31:1–7. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ucar G, Topaloglu E, Kandilci HB and Gümüsel B: Effect of ischemic preconditioning on reactive oxygen species-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat lung. Clin Biochem. 38:681–684. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, Yaghubian-Malhami R, Perkmann T, van Loo G, Ermolaeva M, Veldhuizen R, Leung YH, Wang H, et al: Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell. 133:235–249. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Victorino GP, Wisner DH and Tucker VL: Basal release of nitric oxide and its interaction with endothelin-1 on single vessel hydraulic permeability. J Trauma. 50:535–539. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

March-2019
Volume 17 Issue 3

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jin X, Wang L, Li L and Zhao X: Protective effect of remote ischemic pre‑conditioning on patients undergoing cardiac bypass valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med 17: 2099-2106, 2019
APA
Jin, X., Wang, L., Li, L., & Zhao, X. (2019). Protective effect of remote ischemic pre‑conditioning on patients undergoing cardiac bypass valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17, 2099-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7192
MLA
Jin, X., Wang, L., Li, L., Zhao, X."Protective effect of remote ischemic pre‑conditioning on patients undergoing cardiac bypass valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17.3 (2019): 2099-2106.
Chicago
Jin, X., Wang, L., Li, L., Zhao, X."Protective effect of remote ischemic pre‑conditioning on patients undergoing cardiac bypass valve replacement surgery: A randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 3 (2019): 2099-2106. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7192