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Article Open Access

A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail

  • Authors:
    • Mathias Møller Thygesen
    • Henrik Lauridsen
    • Michael Pedersen
    • Dariusz Orlowski
    • Trine Werenberg Mikkelsen
    • Mikkel Mylius Rasmussen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Comparative Medicine Lab, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark, Center for Experimental Neuroscience (CENSE), Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
    Copyright: © Thygesen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2322-2328
    |
    Published online on: January 21, 2019
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7193
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Abstract

A randomized controlled and blinded animal trial was conducted in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), which has the ability to regenerate from transectional spinal cord injury (SCI). The objective of the present study was to investigate the axolotl's ability to regenerate from a blunt spinal cord trauma in a clinical setting. Axolotls were block‑randomized to the intervention (n=6) or sham group (n=6). A laminectomy of two vertebrae at the level caudal to the hind limbs was performed. To induce a blunt SCI, a 25 g rod was released on the exposed spinal cord. Multiple modalities were applied at baseline (pre‑surgery), and subsequently every third week for a total of 9 weeks. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to assess anatomical regeneration. To support this non‑invasive modality, regeneration was assessed by histology, and functional regeneration was investigated using swimming tests and functional neurological examinations. MRI suggested regeneration within 6 to 9 weeks. Histological analysis at 9 weeks confirmed regeneration; however, this regeneration was not complete. By the experimental end, all animals exhibited restored full neurological function. The present study demonstrated that the axolotl is capable of regenerating a contusion SCI; however, the duration of complete regeneration required further investigation.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Thygesen MM, Lauridsen H, Pedersen M, Orlowski D, Mikkelsen TW and Rasmussen MM: A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail . Exp Ther Med 17: 2322-2328, 2019.
APA
Thygesen, M.M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T.W., & Rasmussen, M.M. (2019). A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail . Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17, 2322-2328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7193
MLA
Thygesen, M. M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T. W., Rasmussen, M. M."A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail ". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17.3 (2019): 2322-2328.
Chicago
Thygesen, M. M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T. W., Rasmussen, M. M."A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail ". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 3 (2019): 2322-2328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7193
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Thygesen MM, Lauridsen H, Pedersen M, Orlowski D, Mikkelsen TW and Rasmussen MM: A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail . Exp Ther Med 17: 2322-2328, 2019.
APA
Thygesen, M.M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T.W., & Rasmussen, M.M. (2019). A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail . Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 17, 2322-2328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7193
MLA
Thygesen, M. M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T. W., Rasmussen, M. M."A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail ". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17.3 (2019): 2322-2328.
Chicago
Thygesen, M. M., Lauridsen, H., Pedersen, M., Orlowski, D., Mikkelsen, T. W., Rasmussen, M. M."A clinically relevant blunt spinal cord injury model in the regeneration competent axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) tail ". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 3 (2019): 2322-2328. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7193
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