Clinical application of chromosome 9p21.3 genotyping in patients with coronary artery disease

  • Authors:
    • Svetlana Nikulina
    • Ivan Artyukhov
    • Pavel Shesternya
    • Oksana Gavrilyuk
    • Vladimir Maksimov
    • Mikhail Voyevoda
    • Denis Brusentsov
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 13, 2019     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7884
  • Pages: 3100-3108
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of two coronary artery disease (CAD)‑associated single nucleotide polymorphisms on 9p21 (rs1333049 and rs10757278) to myocardial infarction (MI) in a primary (stratification of high risk group for MI) and secondary prevention setting. The prospective observational study included 500 patients with MI [411 males (82.2%) and 89 females (17.8%)] under 65 years. The risk of MI for carriers of the homozygous CC genotype of rs1333049 and homozygous GG genotype of rs10757278 was 1.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36‑2.37], and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.24‑2.32) respectively. The risk of MI for heterozygous allele carriers was slightly lower. Specifically, the risk of MI was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.18‑2.11) for both heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the rs1333049 C allele, and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01‑1.83) for the carriers of the rs10757278 G allele. A logistic regression model including sex, age, presence of excess weight or obesity, abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, positive family history and smoking status parameters revealed that rs1333049 CC genotype was an independent predictive factor of myocardial infraction [OR=1.71 (95% CI: 1.16‑2.52), P=0.006]. Patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during index hospitalization and patients who did not receive PCI were followed up for two years after discharge. Compared with patients with MI who underwent PCI, the risk of recurrent acute coronary syndrome (re‑ACS) was higher among rs1333049 C allele carriers who did not receive PCI during index hospitalization. One year after MI, the OR of re‑ACS was 4.91 (95% CI: 1.45‑16.66), while two years after MI, OR was 3.77 (95% CI: 1.50‑9.52) in those patients who did not receive PCI during index hospitalization. There was no statistically significant association between polymorphic variants of rs1333049 and MI follow‑up outcomes in patients who underwent PCI. The present study indicated clinical utility of 9p21.3 genotyping to predict the outcomes for patients with MI without PCI. Due to the small sample size, this association study forms basis for larger, nationwide studies investigating clinical applications of genetic data.

Introduction

High incidence of both ST-elevation (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) reported in published genetic research (1) determines the necessity of studying genetic aspects that can contribute to the development of primary and secondary myocardial infarction (MI) prevention programs.

The association between the 9p21.3 locus and coronary artery disease (CAD), and MI has become one of the important discoveries of modern cardiogenetics (1,2). The association between this genome locus and coronary atherosclerosis, and MI has been demonstrated in various populations (38). However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. It has been demonstrated that a non-coding RNA of locus 9p21.3 affected cardiac expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2 A and B genes, and may lead to a lower index of atherosclerotic plaque stability (9). Further studies are necessary to enable the clinical implementation of this emerging marker in risk stratification and outcome of patients with cardiovascular diseases. To assess the utility of genetic markers that may reflect the risk of MI, the existing risk calculator and the Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) method are usually used. Previously, results of several large-scale projects on the integration of genomic information into the existing CAD and MI risk rating scales have been published, however, the results were inconsistent (1012).

By contrast, the clinical utility of 9p21.3 locus genotyping to predict the outcomes for patients following MI may be more promising compared with other loci, since it was replicated as a genetic predictor in almost all ethnic groups and races (3,13). In particular, for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) enrolled in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE), Buysschaert et al (13) reported the results of inclusion of the 9p21.3 locus genotyping data into the GRACE risk score. A positive association between the 9p21.3 locus and recurrent MI or cardiac death within the first 6 months after the primary event was revealed (13). Adrissino et al (14) proposed the use of risk allele C (SNP rs1333040) in secondary MI prevention in people under 45 years.

Significant associations have been revealed between the risk 9p21.3 genotypes and the outcomes in the most severe cases of MI with multi-vessel coronary artery burden or high risk according to the GRACE score (15,16). The results of the present study indicated that future clinical application of genomic data requires accurate definition of the target group of patients. Since percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can markedly alter the prognosis of patients with MI, the present study aimed to estimate the risk of MI among patients with different SNPs at 9p21.3 receiving differential hospital-based treatment.

Materials and methods

Patients

The participants of the present study were patients admitted to the two largest cardiological hospitals in Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation: Regional Clinical Hospital and Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital Number 20 named after I.S. Berzon. The inclusion criteria compromised: i) Confirmed diagnosis of MI verified by electrocardiogram (ECG) and such clinical symptoms and cardiac markers, including typical anginal pain lasting more than 20 min or atypical manifestations such as abdominal epigastric pain, indigestion-like symptoms and isolated dyspnoea; ii) age under 65 years, iii) Caucasian origin; and iv) signed informed consent. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University.

A total of 500 patients with MI [22–65 years; median age, 54.0; lower quartile (Q25), 48.0; upper quartile (Q75), 59.0] were included in the present study conducted from January 1, 2009 to the June 30, 2010. The group of patients with MI included 411 males (82.2%) and 89 females (17.8%). The results of 31 autopsies [24 males and 7 females, 44–65 years (57.87±5.92 years)] with confirmed diagnosis of MI as the cause of out-of-hospital sudden death during the same period of time were also included in the present study.

The control group subjects were selected at random from the Novosibirsk samples of two epidemiological studies: Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (17), and Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) (18), conducted at the Novosibirsk Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine (Russian Federation) to investigate angina and its equivalents with the use of cardiospecific markers (troponin, creatine phosphokinase-MB fraction). Based on the results of the Rose Angina Questionnaire, a total of 535 individuals without CAD were selected among the HAPIEE participants enrolled from Novosibirsk. The control group included 423 (79.1%) males and 112 (20.9%) females ≤65 years (median, 55.0; Q25, 48.0; Q75, 61.0).

The two groups did not exhibit any significant differences in the mean age (P=0.351) or in the presence of obesity (including abdominal obesity) and excess weight, as presented in Table I. In the MI group, a statistically significant predominance of smokers, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and positive family history were identified. However, hypercholesterolemia was significantly more frequent in the control group. This can be due to a widespread use of statins in the treatment of MI. Hypercholesteremia was diagnosed if total cholesterol level was >5 mmol/l. The World Health Organization classification based on body mass index (BMI) calculation using the following equation: BMI=weight in kilograms/height in meters2, was used to diagnose obesity and excess weight. Abdominal obesity was diagnosed in the case of waist circumference of ≥80 cm in women and ≥94 cm in men. The presence of MI, angina pectoris or sudden cardiac death in parents were considered as positive family history. Sex differences in the described risk factors between the study group and the control group are presented in Table II.

Table I.

General characteristics of the study groups.

Table I.

General characteristics of the study groups.

CharacteristicMI, n (%)Control, n (%)P-value
Sex
  Male411 (82.2)423 (79.1)0.239
  Female89 (17.8)112 (20.9)
Weight
  BMI 18.5–24.9183 (37.7)181 (40.0)0.594
  BMI 25–29.9192 (39.6)181 (40.0)
  BMI ≥30110 (22.7)90 (20.0)
Overweight and obesity
  BMI ≥25302 (62.3)272 (60.0)0.485
  Abdominal obesity161 (48.8)199 (52.5)0.323
Smoking status
  No150 (30.9)204 (38.5)0.005
  Yes305 (62.9)271 (51.1)
  Ex-smoker30 (6.2)55 (10.4)
Arterial hypertension334 (68.9)300 (56.1)<0.001
Diabetes mellitus52 (10.7)30 (6.6)0.026
Hypercholesterolemia323 (72.3)360 (79.5)0.011
Positive family history153 (33.6)107 (24.4)0.002

[i] BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction.

Table II.

Sex differences between the study and control groups.

Table II.

Sex differences between the study and control groups.

Sex

MaleFemale


Risk factorsMI group, n (%)Control group, n (%)P-valueMI group, n (%)Control group, n (%)P-value
Smoking history
  Yes96 (23.9)111 (26.4)0.00754 (64.3)93 (85.3)0.003
  No278 (69.3)257 (61.0) 27 (32.1)14 (12.8)
  Ex-smoker27 (6.7)53 (12.6) 3 (3.6)2 (1.8)
Hypertensive disease272 (67.8)243 (57.4)0.00262 (73.8)57 (50.9)0.001
Diabetes mellitus36 (9.0)22 (6.5)0.20116 (19.0)8 (7.1)0.012
Positive family history129 (34.3)80 (24.2)0.00324 (30.4)27 (24.8)0.393

[i] MI, myocardial infarction.

A total of 14.5% of the study patients exhibited NSTEMI, while the majority of the study participants (85.5%) exhibited STEMI. ECG results revealed the presence of pathological Q-waves in two thirds of patients. The cases of anterior and anterior lateral MI were assigned to the anterior MI localization, while the cases of inferior, inferior lateral and posterior MI were assigned to the non-anterior MI localization.

The described categories of MI cases are presented in Table III. The results are available for 496 patients with MI as 3 patients exhibited left bundle branch block and 1 patient had an implanted cardiostimulator. The severity and risk of unfavorable outcomes were assessed in each hospitalized study patient using the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) (19) and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores (20). Interventional reperfusion was performed in 251 (50.2%) of 500 patients with MI. In 232 patients (92.4%) PCI involved coronary stent insertion. A total of 249 patients (49.8%) received conservative treatment with antithrombotics, anticoagulants, nitrates, β-blockers and statins, including 88 patients (35.3%) who received thrombolytic therapy.

Table III.

Main categories of MI cases.

Table III.

Main categories of MI cases.

MI categoriesn (%)
STEMI424 (85.5)
NSTEMI72 (14.5)
Anterior MI217 (43.7)
Non-anterior MI241 (48.6)
Circular MI38 (7.7)
Q-wave338 (68.1)
non Q-wave158 (31.9)

[i] n, number of cases; MI, myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction; NSTEMI, non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.

Prospective medium-term follow-up period lasted two years. Patients were monitored three times at 6, 12 and 24 months following discharge from the hospital. The following endpoints were assessed: Recurrent MI, hospitalization for unstable angina (UA), recurrent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was defined as recurrent MI, hospital admission for UA and repeated PCI. A total of 476 patients were discharged from the hospital. A total of 24 (5.0%) patients were lost to follow up, and, therefore, the present study analyzed the outcomes of the disease for 452 patients. To make a differential estimation of the outcomes, the discharged study participants were divided into two groups: Patients receiving the conservative therapy (group 1) and patients who underwent PCI (group 2).

All collected samples were marked and maintained in freezer storage boxes until DNA extraction. DNA extraction was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specifically, DNA was extracted from whole venous blood or myocardial tissue samples using a phenol-chloroform extraction. Genotypes for the rs1333049 and rs10757274 SNPs were determined using the 5′nuclease assay with TaqMan probes (assay identification C__1754666_10 and C__11841860_10, respectively; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The cycling conditions were 60°C for 2 min and 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. Each 10-µl amplification reaction volume contained 1X Universal Master Mix (ABgene Inc., Rochester, NY, USA) and 10 ng of template DNA. Allelic discrimination was measured automatically on the ABI Prism 7900HT (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc) with Sequence Detection Systems 2.1 software of the Applied Biosystems (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 20.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). One sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the distribution of data. The significance of differences in qualitative characteristics in the study groups was assessed using continuity-corrected nonparametric Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when the frequency of symptom occurrence was ≤5. Mann-Whitney rank test was used to assess the significance of statistical differences in quantitative characteristics. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. To prove the statistical significance of the differences between carriers of the C allele and homozygous GG individuals the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mantel-Cox log-rank test were used. Correlation analysis was performed using the nonparametric Spearman test. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated to assess the risk of MI for a particular allele or genotype. In case if one of the characteristics was equal to zero and it was not possible to calculate the OR, the relative risk ratios were determined for 2×2 contingency tables and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

Results

Association between SNPs and MI

During the first phase of the present study, the association between two SNPs or the 9р21.3 locus (rs1333049 and rs10757278) and MI were assessed in the Russian population. Analysis of genotype frequencies of the studied SNPs revealed statistically significant differences between the MI and control groups. Frequencies in the MI group compared with the control group were 28.6±2.0 vs. 18.4±1.7% (P<0.001) for the rs1333049 genotype CC and 80.3±1.7 vs. 72.1±2.0% (P=0.002) for both heterozygous and homozygous C allele carriers. For the rs10757278 genotype, the frequencies of GG were 27.0±2.0 vs. 17.9±1.8% (P=0.002) in the MI compared with the control group and 78.1±1.8 vs. 72.4±2.1% (P=0.041) for the heterozygous G allele carriers.

The risk of MI was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.36–2.37) for individuals with the homozygous CC genotype of rs1333049 and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.24–2.32) for individuals with the GG genotype of rs10757278. For the heterozygous risk allele carriers, the OR was slightly lower than for the homozygous risk allele carriers. Specifically, the risk of MI was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.18–2.11) for carriers of the rs1333049 C allele and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.01–1.83) for the carriers of the rs10757278 G allele.

Both SNPs of the 9p21.3 locus (rs1333049 and rs10757278) are sufficiently close for linkage disequilibrium at a distance of 1,025 base pairs. The correlation coefficient between the homozygous CC genotype at rs1333049 and the GG genotype at rs10757278 was equal to 0.943; and 0.954 between the heterozygous genotype carriers. Consequently, these SNPs in the study population may belong to the same linkage group. There was a direct positive correlation between MI and homozygous risk genotypes of both SNPs, though absolute correlation coefficient was moderate for both the rs1333049 CC genotype (rs=0.120) and the rs10757278 GG genotype (rs=0.108).

Regression analysis

Among the 1,035 study participants (patients with MI and control subjects), 628 individuals (60.7%) with complete baseline information were selected for regression analysis. The MI status was presented as a dichotomous variable, where 0 indicated the absence of MI and 1 the presence of MI. The genotyping results and all risk factors evaluated in the present study, including sex, age, presence of excess weight or obesity, abdominal obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, positive family history and smoking status were included into the logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression model was built using step-by-step inclusion of prognostic factors and determination of the minimum set of predictors by calculating Nagelkerke's R squared values (R2) to indicate the effect of all model predictors on response variable dispersion.

Variables with low significance and autocorrelation were rejected. The adjusted coefficient of determination R2 of a combination of variables including age, smoking status, presence of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and positive family history was 0.284 (P<0.001). Among the included determinants, the CC genotype of rs1333049 was statistically significant. Following the addition of rs1333049 to the logistic regression model, adjusted R2 increased to 0.297 (P=0.006). In the logistic regression model, the rs1333049 CC genotype exhibited an independent predictive value (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.16–2.52; P=0.006).

The association between the rs1333049 genotypes and the GRACE risk score was also assessed. The CC genotype of rs1333049 was associated with intermediate and high GRACE risk scores in patients with STEMI. A total of 20.4±2.7% STEMI carriers were in the low-risk group, 32.3±4.2% in the intermediate-risk group and 28.6±7.6% in the high-risk group. There was no association between the GRACE risk scores and rs1333049 genotypes in patients with NSTEMI. Furthermore, there was no association between the rs1333049 genotypes and the TIMI score in patients with NSTEMI.

Associations between risk genotypes and patient outcomes

The second stage of the present study was to determine the association between risk genotypes and medium-term outcomes in patients with MI. Within the two-year follow-up period after discharge from the hospital, 36.5% of patients with MI were re-admitted with ACS, 13.7% of patients exhibited recurrent MI and 25.0% of patients underwent a new coronary intervention. Mortality among the discharged patients with MI was 2.2, 3.3 and 6.2% within 6, 12, and 24 months of the observation, respectively. Cumulative frequencies of the endpoints during the two-year observation period are presented in Fig. 1.

During the observation period, the cumulative ACS frequency was significantly higher among the carriers of the CC and CG genotypes compared with patients with homozygous GG rs1333049 genotype. At 6 months, the cumulative ACS frequency was 16.5±2.1% among carriers of the CC and CG genotypes compared with 4.7±2.3% among carriers of the homozygous GG genotype of rs1333049 (P=0.005). The difference between C allele carriers and GG homozygotes was 27.8±2.5 vs. 16.3±4.0% (P=0.028) at 12 months and 41.1±2.7% vs. 21.4±4.4% (P=0.001) at 24 months, respectively (Fig. 2).

Since the polymorphism at the 9p21.3 locus is known to be associated with the severity of atherosclerotic coronary lesions, it was hypothesized that the association between genetic predictors and outcomes of MI could differ between groups of patients receiving PCI and patients receiving non-interventional procedures. In such a way, according to our hypothesis, data on genotype variations can be used in clinical practice.

Analysis of the medium-term outcomes of MI in different rs1333049 genotype carrier was performed. Patients receiving the conservative therapy (group 1) and patients who underwent PCI (group 2) exhibited no statistically significant differences in the frequency of rs1333049 polymorphic variants. Thus, in group 1, there were 31.8±3.0% of the CC genotype carriers, and in group 2–27.0±2.9% (P=0.239); 79.2±2.6 and 81.3±2.5% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, were C allele carriers (P=0.553). In addition, the groups did not differ in the total number of endpoints during the follow up period. The frequency of recurrent ACS in group 2 compared with group 1 was 12.7±2.2 and 15.2±2.4% (P=0.428) during the 6 months after MI; 24.0±2.8 and 26. ±3.0% (P=0.550) within 12 months; and 35.7±3.2 and 38.4±3.3% (P=0.559) within two years of the follow up period, respectively.

Having received conservative therapy rather than PCI, group 1 had a statistically significant association of the C allele at rs1333049 with recurrent ACS and subsequent PCI (Fig. 3). The probability of recurrent ACS in group 1 was 4.91 (95% CI: 1.45–16.66) a year after MI and 3.77 (95% CI: 1.50–9.52) after two years. No statistically significant association between the rs1333049 polymorphic variants and MI outcomes was revealed in the medium-term follow up of patients who underwent PCI (Fig. 4). The frequency of recurrent MI and hospitalization for ACS did not differ significantly within a year after MI between the carriers of the C allele and individuals with homozygous GG genotype of rs1333049 [11.4±2.4 vs. 11.6±4.9% (P=0.961) and 24.4±3.2 vs. 25.6±6.7% (P=0.875), respectively]. During the two-year observation period, the frequency of recurrent MI (15.4±2.7%) and ACS (37.7±3.7%) was higher in carriers of the rs1333049 C risk allele compared with the carriers of the homozygous GG genotype (11.9±4.9 and 28.6±6.9%, respectively), however the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.563 and 0.267, respectively).

The ACS recurrence time (the time from discharge to ACS recurrence) was 17.05±0.77 months (95% CI: 15.54–18.55) for carriers of the homozygous CC genotype of rs1333049, 18.16±0.56 months (95% CI: 17.06–19.26) for carriers of the heterozygous CG genotype and 20.54±0.75 months (95% CI: 19.06–22.01) for carriers of the homozygous GG genotype. These differences between carriers of the C allele and homozygous GG individuals were statistically significant (Mantel-Cox log-rank test, P=0.004 and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P=0.005).

The frequencies of recurrent ACS in carriers of different genotypes of rs1333049 depending on the type of hospital care were analyzed (Fig. 5). Group 2 patients who underwent PCI during index hospitalization demonstrated almost equivalent Kaplan-Meier Curves. The survival time (ACS recurrence time) was 18.02±1.10 months (95% CI: 17.10–19.99) for patients in group 1 carrying the homozygous CC rs1333049 polymorphism, 18.54±0.74 months (95% CI: 16.86–21.58) for patients with the heterozygous CG genotype and 19.22±1.21 months (95% CI: 17.46–19.60) patients with homozygous GG genotype.

The frequency of recurrent ACS and repeated PCI within two years of follow-up differed significantly between group 1 patients with one or two risk C alleles at rs1333049 compared with GG heterozygotes at this locus. The survival time (ACS recurrence time) was 16.22±1.06 months (95% CI: 14.14–18.30) in group 2 carriers of the homozygous CC genotype of rs1333049, 17.73±0.86 months (95% CI: 16.05–19.42) for carriers of the heterozygous CG genotype and 21.92±0.82 months (95% CI: 20.31–23.54) in carriers of the homozygous GG genotype. Therefore, the interventional procedure eliminated the presumable CAD-inducing effect of genetic predictors within a relatively short two-year observation period. At the same time, patients who did not receive PCI, had a strong possibility of ACS development. This difference is due to the fact that PCI involves mechanical atherosclerosis burden disruption and stent placement, leading to radical changes the clinical course.

Discussion

The risk factor approach is based on the summing up of the risk factors adverse effects. However, this approach cannot be applied to genetic predictors, since the latter have different genetic mechanisms. Another limiting factor in application of genomic information in risk stratification is high frequency of risk alleles in the population in general (21). Therefore, the use of chromosome 9p21 SNPs in the secondary prevention setting is more reasonable compared with their use in primary prevention.

A larger investigation where the rs 1333049 C risk allele carriership was integrated into the GRACE risk score aimed to assess the combined end point ‘cardiac death and recurrent MI’ within six months after ACS (13). However, the predictive value of recurrent MI and cardiac death were not statistically significant. From the perspective of clinical medicine, patients with ACS represent a heterogeneous group. In-hospital and post-discharge long-term outcomes depend on the extent of myocardial damage. One of the limitations of the study by Buysschaert et al (13) is the heterogeneity of the cohort of patients with ACS. Specifically, 26.1% of patients exhibited STEMI, 28.3% of patients exhibited UA and 41.6% patients exhibited NSTEMI. Moreover, only half of the enrolled patients underwent surgical intervention: PCI (47.2%) or coronary artery bypass grafting (3.8%).

Successful application of genetic determinants as prognostic markers was demonstrated in strictly specific groups of patients. Szpakowicz et al (16) reported a retrospective analysis of 589 patients with STEMI. The rs1333049 and rs10757278 polymorphic variants of locus 9p21.3 were significantly associated with overall mortality within 5 years after MI only in high-risk patients according to the GRACE classification (GRACЕ risk score ≥155). Similarly, the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study-II, a randomized trial, reported an association between the 9р21.3 locus polymorphism and overall mortality and mortality from cardiac causes in the group of patients with the most severe cases of multi-vessel coronary artery burden (22).

The use of interventional techniques or major surgical procedures may affect disease outcomes for the nearest period after MI (20). Previously, no association was revealed between the risk genotypes of rs1333040 and rs1333049 of the 9р21.3 locus and the three-year follow-up outcomes in 2,028 patients with ACS treated with PCI who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation (15). In a large prospective observational study of acute coronary insufficiency (Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study) an association between rs1333049 of the 9р21.3 locus and the risk of recurrent MI was investigated within a year after discharge of 2,022 patients with ACS (23). The authors concluded that there was no association between the risk genotype of rs1333049 and the risk of recurrent MI in case of PCI, although the C allele had conferred susceptibility to the first MI (ibid).

In the present study, the correlation coefficient between homozygous CC individuals at rs1333049 and the GG genotype at rs10757278 amounted to 0.943. For heterozygous states at both loci the rs was equal to 0.954. These findings are consistent with the results of other studies (3,4,6,7) and may be due to these SNPs proximity in the genome.

However, in the logistic regression model, the rs1333049 SNP exhibited a marginally higher predictive value compared with rs10757278. It should be stated that, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the association between genetic variants and the outcomes for the carriers of the studied genotypes who received conservative treatment for MI has not been previously studied. Moreover, the outcomes for patients (carriers of the studied genotypes with conservative treatment) have also not been compared with the outcomes for patients who underwent PCI at index hospitalization.

The presence or absence of coronary intervention during index hospitalization should be taken into consideration when evaluating genetic markers as predictors of medium-term disease outcomes in patients with MI, since these predictors are relevant only to assess the risk in patients who did not undergo PCI. In the present study, the risk genotype exhibited an independent predictive value in patients with MI who did not undergo revascularization, regardless of the GRACE or TIMI risk scores.

In conclusion, the present pilot study conducted in the Russian Federation, confirmed the results of international genome-wide association studies regarding the association between the 9р21.3 locus SNPs and MI. The results of the present study indicated that the rs1333049 genotype may be used for medium-term disease outcome prediction in patients with MI who did not undergo coronary intervention at index hospitalization. However, due to a small sample size, the results of the present study may not be generalized to other populations. Therefore, future investigations with larger sample sizes are required to confirm the present results.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all colleagues who facilitated the study at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Studies of Therapeutic Diseases, Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, in Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after I.S. Berzon and in Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Hospital.

Funding

The authors received funding from Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. No other specific grants were received from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

SN developed the methodology of the research and was involved in analyzing and interpreting the patient data. IA participated in literature review, was involved in drafting the manuscript, analysing and interpreting the data, and was responsible for final text revision. PS was a major contributor in concept development and literature review, and analyzed and interpreted the patient data and performed the statistical data analysis. OG revised the manuscript, and participated in data collection, literature review and statistical analysis. VM was responsible for carrying out molecular genetic testing (PCR analysis) and DNA extraction. MV was involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content and made substantial contributions to data analysis. DB participated in source data collection. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. The patients signed informed consent to participate in the study.

Patient consent for publication

The authors declare that they obtained informed consent for publication from all the study participants.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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October-2019
Volume 18 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Nikulina S, Artyukhov I, Shesternya P, Gavrilyuk O, Maksimov V, Voyevoda M and Brusentsov D: Clinical application of chromosome 9p21.3 genotyping in patients with coronary artery disease. Exp Ther Med 18: 3100-3108, 2019
APA
Nikulina, S., Artyukhov, I., Shesternya, P., Gavrilyuk, O., Maksimov, V., Voyevoda, M., & Brusentsov, D. (2019). Clinical application of chromosome 9p21.3 genotyping in patients with coronary artery disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 18, 3100-3108. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7884
MLA
Nikulina, S., Artyukhov, I., Shesternya, P., Gavrilyuk, O., Maksimov, V., Voyevoda, M., Brusentsov, D."Clinical application of chromosome 9p21.3 genotyping in patients with coronary artery disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 18.4 (2019): 3100-3108.
Chicago
Nikulina, S., Artyukhov, I., Shesternya, P., Gavrilyuk, O., Maksimov, V., Voyevoda, M., Brusentsov, D."Clinical application of chromosome 9p21.3 genotyping in patients with coronary artery disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 18, no. 4 (2019): 3100-3108. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7884