Effects of irisin on osteoblast apoptosis and osteoporosis in postmenopausal osteoporosis rats through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 10, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8313
- Pages: 1084-1090
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Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP), a common debilitating disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and destruction of bone structure, seriously affects the health of the elderly, which is caused by osteopenia due to the decline in the female ovarian function with age. The pathophysiology of ovary-related bone loss is complicated and cannot be simply explained by the increase in bone resorption or decrease in bone formation, and there are various pathogeneses and regulatory factors (1,2). Currently, it is urgent to search for satisfactory therapeutic methods for bone diseases such as OP (3). How to treat bone diseases more effectively is an urgent problem to be solved. The effects of multiple genes and other regulatory factors on OP are involved, and it is a complex and dynamic process regulated by a variety of cellular components and cytokines. Increasing osteoclast formation can accelerate cartilage reabsorption and promote bone union, while inhibiting osteoblast or osteoclast differentiation will suppress the healing of OP (4,5). The damage to osteoclast absorption will release organic and inorganic compounds in the bone, the degraded compound substrates enter the blood circulation in the form of Ca2+, and the osteoclasts are responsible for cartilage absorption and remodeling through secreting acid and protease (6). After OP, cytokines will initiate osteogenic differentiation, which promotes the benign development of disease and maintains the benign dynamic balance (7,8). Once the structural changes happen in bone tissues and the deposition of the bone matrix is destroyed, OP and fractures will occur (9). In recent years, great progress has been made in the treatment and prevention of female OP, and the treatment mainly focuses on increasing bone formation or decreasing bone resorption to reduce its incidence rate (10). Studies have demonstrated that the osteoblast and osteoclast formation is regulated by a variety of genes or proteins. The extracellular matrix proteins, such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), produced by osteoblasts can be positively controlled by the body and stably secreted, which is the basis to keep bone homeostasis (11). Therefore, deeply understanding these molecular regulatory networks is essential for the treatment of OP, and designing drugs targeting these genes or proteins will provide new ideas for the OP treatment and fracture healing.
Postmenopausal ovariectomy will facilitate bone loss, which is caused by estrogen deficiency (12). In recent years, studies have found that the growth, maturation, isolation and differentiation of osteoclasts in bone loss are synchronously regulated by multiple factors, and the signaling pathways directly involved in bone resorption play a key role (13). It has been found that nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NLR family, pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) play important roles in OP. According to recent studies, Nrf2 is an important regulator of bone balance in bone cells, and its activation can enhance the inhibition of endogenous antioxidant response on reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby regulating the occurrence of OP (14,15). Nrf2, through inducing antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes, plays an important role in the defense of cells against antioxidants and oxidative stress in the lifespan of the cells. Transcription factors regulate the expression of marrow stromal antioxidants and phase II enzymes (16). In addition, Nrf2 downregulates the NLRP3-mediated inflammatory process and innate immune response (17). The loss of Nrf2 leads to increased radiation, inducing OP (18). However, the effects of Nrf2 on bone metabolism and microstructure in vivo and its possible role in OP are not fully understood yet.
Irisin is a kind of novel actin and adipokine that is released into the blood circulation through the cleaved fibronectin type III domain (19). Irisin is mainly synthesized and secreted by skeletal muscles, so its correlation with muscles has been explored in several studies (20). Studies have demonstrated that irisin can serve as a biomarker for sarcopenia in postmenopausal women. In addition, although there are some studies on the correlation between irisin and OP and diabetes (21), no definite and consistent results have been obtained, and the specific molecular mechanism of treatment has not been fully clarified. Therefore, it is proposed in this study that irisin can have a positive influence on osteoblast apoptosis and OP in postmenopausal OP rats through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. The OP model was established, the biochemical indexes were detected, the content of inflammatory factors was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the bone microstructure was analyzed. Moreover, the changes in Nrf2, NLRP3 inflammasome, apoptosis and OP molecules were detected through gene and protein assays, so as to reveal the therapeutic effect of irisin on postmenopausal OP rats, and explore whether it exerts a regulatory effect on the recovery of osteoblast apoptosis and OP in postmenopausal OP rats through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome, which provides an experimental basis for the subsequent research and development of new drugs.
Materials and methods
Animal modeling and grouping
Healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and adaptively fed, and then the rat model of postmenopausal OP was established via ovariectomy. Forty-five rats were divided into OP model group (OP group, n=15), 1 mmol/l irisin treatment group (irisin group, n=15) and normal control group (control group, n=15). After the trial period, the blood was drawn from the caudal vein and centrifuged, and the serum was collected and stored at −80°C to detect the serum biochemical indexes. Then the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, and an appropriate number of bone tissues were taken, one part for ELISA and the other part was stored at −80°C to detect expression of genes and proteins. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) kits were purchased from Sangon and antibodies from Abcam.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China).
Detection of serum biochemical indexes
The serum stored at −80°C was taken out, slowly thawed at −20°C and centrifuged at 120 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and subpackaged into 1.5 ml EP tubes to detect the content of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using a full-automatic biochemical analyzer. The raw data were recorded and then analyzed.
Detection of serum osteocalcin (OC), TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and bone tissues by ELISA
An appropriate number of bone tissues stored at −80°C were ground using a mortar, added with lysis buffer (strong) and centrifuged at 2,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. Then the supernatant was collected to detect the changes in TNF-α, OC and IL-6 levels in tissues according to the instructions. The absorbance of indexes in each group was detected using a microplate reader, and the standard curves were plotted to analyze the changes.
Micro-CT observation of bone microstructure
The vertebral bone was isolated in vitro and placed in a Micro-CT sample cup (GE Healthcare) for three-dimensional CT reconstruction. The trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and Micro-CT BMD were analyzed.
TUNEL apoptosis assay
Apoptosis of paraffin sections was detected using the in situ cell death detection kit (Roche Diagnostics). Paraffin sections were fixed, rinsed and infiltrated with 0.1% Triton X-100, followed by FITC end labeling of apoptotic DNA fragment using the TUNEL assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The FITC-labeled TUNEL-positive cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope, and they were counted in 10 fields of view.
Detection of important molecules and pathway-related genes in bone tissues by RT-PCR
An appropriate number of bone tissues stored at −80°C were added with liquid nitrogen and ground using a mortar, followed by homogenization under 4°C at 800 × g for several seconds. The total RNA was extracted from tissues, and the RNA purity and concentration were determined qualified. The primer sequences of target genes and the internal reference GAPDH were designed according to GenBank (Table I). RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the PCR amplification was performed using 20 µl of system (2 µl of cDNA, 10 µl of qPCR mix, 1 µl of primer F, 1 µl of primer R and 6 µl of ddH2O): at 95°C for 2 min, 94°C for 20 sec, 60°C for 20 sec and 72°C for 30 sec, a total of 40 cycles. The specific primer sequences are shown in Table I. The relative expression levels of related genes in tissues in each group were calculated using 2−ΔΔCt.
Western blotting
The tissues stored in the ultra low temperature refrigerator were added with lysis buffer (strong) prepared proportionally, incubated at −20°C for 20 min and ground, followed by centrifugation at 2,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The supernatant was collected and the protein concentration was measured using the standard curves. After that, western blotting was performed. Protein (50 µg) was added with buffer to prepare the protein samples, subjected to water bath for 8 min and centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 5 min at 4°C. Then the protein was loaded for electrophoresis, transferred onto a membrane, sealed, incubated with the primary antibody overnight and incubated again with the secondary antibody for 1 h. Finally, the protein band was scanned and quantified using the protein scanner (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and the level of protein to be detected was corrected using GAPDH.
Statistical analysis
All raw data obtained in the experiments were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. The experimental results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). P<0.05 indicates that the difference was statistically significant. The bar graph was plotted using GraphPad Prism 7.0.
Results
Results of serum biochemical indexes
OP can be predicted through early biochemical indexes to prepare for the treatment and prognosis as early as possible, so the content of serum ALP was measured and recorded for analysis. As shown in Fig. 1, the content of ALP was significantly increased in OP group (P<0.05), and declined in irisin group.
Levels of OC, TNF-α and IL-6 detected by ELISA
As shown in Table II, the content of serum OC was significantly decreased in the OP group (P<0.05), and increased in the irisin group (P<0.05). The content of IL-6 and TNF-α was increased in the OP group (P<0.05), and decreased in the irisin group (P<0.05).
TNF-α and IL-6 levels in bone tissues detected by ELISA
As shown in Table III, the content of IL-6 and TNF-α was increased in the OP group (P<0.05), and declined in the irisin group (P<0.05).
Micro-CT results
To observe the therapeutic effect of irisin on OP from the microstructure, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp and BMD were detected. The results revealed that in the irisin group, Tb.Th, Tb.N and BMD were obviously increased compared with those in the OP group (P<0.05), while Tb.Sp obviously declined compared with that in the OP group (P<0.05) (Table IV).
TUNEL apoptosis assay
There were few TUNEL-positive cells and they could hardly be observed in the control group. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was remarkably more in the OP group than that in the other two groups, while it was less in the irisin group (P<0.05) (Fig. 2), indicating that irisin can inhibit osteoblast apoptosis in OP.
RT-PCR results of apoptosis and OP-related genes
Compared with the OP group, the irisin group had evidently higher mRNA expression levels of Runx2, OC, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 (P<0.05), while caspase-3 and NLRP3 displayed the opposite trends (Fig. 3), suggesting that irisin can inhibit the incidence of apoptosis in OP and the occurrence and development of OP.
Western blotting
The protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 in the irisin group were remarkably higher than those in the OP group, while that of NLRP3 was the opposite (Fig. 4), demonstrating that irisin not only inhibits the incidence of apoptosis, but can also treat OP through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 expression.
Discussion
In women, hormonal changes caused by menopause can lead to muscle atrophy, accelerate bone loss and enhance oxidative stress. During menopause, therefore, physiological degradation related to aging and underactivity may be increased, promoting the occurrence and development of OP (22,23). Currently, the treatment mainly focuses on increasing bone formation or decreasing bone resorption to reduce its incidence rate (24). Physical activity plays an important role in resisting the physiological degradation related to aging and menopause, which is a potential mechanism, possibly because, on the one hand, physical exercise can produce mechanical signals directly through muscle strength or exert an anabolic effect on the bones indirectly through endocrine regulation, but its specific molecular mechanism remains unclear (25), and, on the other hand, chronic exercise training can reduce inflammatory and oxidative damage through enhancing antioxidant capacity and weakening oxidative stress. In many studies, some plants are used as traditional medicines with an anti-aging property. Recently, the potential beneficial effects of these plants on physiological functions, including the antioxidant capacity, have been studied increasingly (26). Among them, irisin is able to resist OP. OP can be predicted through early biochemical indexes to prepare for the treatment and prognosis as early as possible, so the classic rat model of postmenopausal OP was established, and the content of serum ALP was measured in the present study. The results showed that the content of ALP was significantly increased in the OP group and declined in the irisin group. The content of IL-6 and TNF-α was also increased in the OP group and decreased in the irisin group. Serum OC can indicate the therapeutic effect of irisin on OP. It was found that the content of serum OC was significantly decreased in the OP group and increased in the irisin group, suggesting that irisin has a good therapeutic effect on OP. In addition, it was observed in bone microstructure during treatment that both Tb.N and Tb.Th in the irisin group were obviously increased compared with those in the OP group. The above results demonstrate that irisin can treat OP through affecting serum ALP, OC and inflammatory factors, consistent with the results of Yamaza et al (27) and Yang et al (28).
Studies have manifested that apoptosis can promptly remove the garbage produced by cells in the life-sustaining activity, supply energy for the formation of cellular structure and metabolism, and maintain cell stability (29). The mechanism and pathway clarified can be used as important guides for diseases such as OP. In the present study, the apoptosis level in each group was detected by TUNEL staining. There were few TUNEL-positive cells and they could hardly be observed in the control group. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was remarkably more in the OP group than that in the other two groups, while it was less in the irisin group, indicating that irisin can inhibit apoptosis. In OP, bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced osteogenic differentiation is significantly damaged (30). Moreover, bone formation plays a unique and important role in the body after birth, which ultimately increases the expression of bone matrix proteins mainly through activating some important bone-derived transcription factors, such as Runx2. A kind of connexin, OC1 is found in pre-osteoblasts, which can connect Smad protein and actin microfilament. The knockout of OC1 can clearly increase the incidence of OP (31). The Nrf2 signaling pathway is a key regulatory factor for bone metabolism (32). Studies have found that there are more osteoclasts in the bone marrow precursors cultured in KO, and the deficiency of Nrf2 can also increase the survival rate of osteoclasts. According to the analysis of bone parameters of Nrf2 knockout mice and wild-type mice, Nrf2 is essential for keeping the bone quality (33). Moreover, both BMD and area of cortical bone decline in Nrf2 knockout mice. Nrf2-induced TESE changes may lead to OP and fractures. Studies have also manifested that the ROS production is increased in bone marrow cells in Nrf2 knockout mice receiving sham operation or ovariectomy, confirming that Nrf2 knockout can increase the number of osteoclasts in vivo (34). In this study, the RT-PCR results revealed that the irisin group had evidently higher mRNA expression levels of Runx2, OC, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 than the other two groups, while caspase-3 and NLRP3 displayed the opposite trends, which suggests that irisin can inhibit the incidence of apoptosis in OP and the occurrence and development of OP. Also, the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Nrf2 in the irisin group were remarkably higher than those in the OP group, while that of NLRP3 was the opposite, demonstrating that irisin can not only inhibit the incidence of apoptosis, but also treat OP through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 expression. Such an effect was confirmed in the research results. However, the therapeutic effect of irisin needs further verification in in vivo experiments.
In conclusion, it was found that after the treatment of OP with irisin, the related inflammatory factors improved. The mRNA levels of OP healing-related markers such as Runx2 are significantly upregulated, osteoblast apoptosis declines, the Nrf2 expression is enhanced and the NLRP3 expression is suppressed. Therefore, the research results herein confirm that irisin inhibits the incidence of apoptosis, but also treats postmenopausal OP through upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting NLRP3 expression.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
LX and LS wrote the manuscript. XY and PL were responsible for establishment of the animal model. LX and LS performed TUNEL and Western blotting. QW and CL performed ELISA and other experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao, China).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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