Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2020 Volume 19 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2020 Volume 19 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors

  • Authors:
    • Fangjie Hou
    • Yujie Zhou
    • Wei Liu
    • Shiwei Yang
    • Zhijian Wang
    • Xiaoteng Ma
    • Yu Du
    • Ya Li
    • Jun Guan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2766-2772
    |
    Published online on: February 3, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8484
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The association between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and characteristics of coronary plaque in young patients has remained to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the association between CVRFs and phenotypes of culprit coronary plaques revealed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in young patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OCT imaging pullback was performed at corresponding sites on 123 lesions in 123 young patients (age, 36±7 years), including those with stable CHD and ACS. Patients with analyzable OCT images were classified as having thin‑cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs), plaque rupture, macrophage accumulation, calcified nodule, vasa vasorum, cholesterol crystal and erosion. TCFAs were more prevalent in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) than in those without MetS (P=0.020). Plaque rupture was more common in smokers than in non‑smokers (P=0.002). Multivariate analysis indicated that MetS was independently associated with TCFAs (P=0.041) and smoking was independently associated with plaque rupture (P=0.006). Young patients with MetS were demonstrated to have more extensive TCFAs and young smokers had a higher prevalence of culprit plaque rupture.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Authors/Task Force Members. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney M, Corrà U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, et al: 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis. 252:207–274. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Parise H, Sullivan L and Meigs JB: Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 112:3066–3072. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Zheng M, Choi SY, Tahk SJ, Lim HS, Yang HM, Choi BJ, Yoon MH, Park JS, Hwang GS and Shin JH: The relationship between volumetric plaque components and classical cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome a 3-vessel coronary artery virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 4:503–510. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Rivera JJ, Nasir K, Cox PR, Choi E, Yoon Y, Cho I, Chun EJ, Choi S, Blumenthal RS and Chang HJ: Association of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with coronary plaque sub-types assessed by 64-slice computed tomography angiography in a large cohort of asymptomatic subjects. Atherosclerosis. 206:451–457. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

De Rosa R, Vasa-Nicotera M, Leistner DM, Reis SM, Thome CE, Boeckel J, Fichtlscherer S and Zeiher AM: Coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors-insights from an optical coherence tomography study. Circ J. 81:1165–1173. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Aggarwal A, Srivastava S and Velmurugan M: Newer perspectives of coronary artery disease in young. World J Cardiol. 8:728–734. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Kalantzi K, Korantzopoulos P, Tzimas P, Katsouras CS, Goudevenos JA and Milionis HJ: The relative value of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk score estimates in premature acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 155:534–540. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Rathore S, Terashima M, Matsuo H, Kinoshita Y, Kimura M, Tsuchikane E, Nasu K, Ehara M, Asakura Y, Katoh O and Suzuki T: Association of coronary plaque composition and arterial remodelling: A optical coherence tomography study. Atherosclerosis. 221:405–415. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD and Virmani R: Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 30:1282–1292. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Jang IK, Bouma BE, Kang DH, Park SJ, Park SW, Seung KB, Choi KB, Shishkov M, Schlendorf K, Pomerantsev E, et al: Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: Comparison with intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 39:604–609. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC Jr, et al: Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 120:1640–1645. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Jia H, Dai J, Hou J, Xing L, Ma L, Liu H, Xu M, Yao Y, Hu S, Yamamoto E, et al: Effective anti-thrombotic therapy without stenting: Intravascular optical coherence tomography-based management in plaque erosion (the EROSION study). Eur Heart J. 38:792–800. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Tian J, Hou J, Xing L, Kim SJ, Yonetsu T, Kato K, Lee H, Zhang S, Yu B and Jang IK: Significance of intraplaque neovascularisation for vulnerability: Optical coherence tomography study. Heart. 98:1504–1509. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Nishimura S, Ehara S, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto K, Yoshikawa J and Shimada K: Cholesterol crystal as a new feature of coronary vulnerable plaques: An optical coherence tomography study. J Cardiol. 69:253–259. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Tearney GJ, Regar E, Akasaka T, Adriaenssens T, Barlis P, Bezerra HG, Bouma B, Bruining N, Cho JM, Chowdhary S, et al: Consensus standards for acquisition, measurement, and reporting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies: A report from the International Working Group for Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography Standardization and Validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 59:1058–1072. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Iribarren C, Go AS, Husson G, Sidney S, Fair JM, Quertermous T, Hlatky MA and Fortmann SP: Metabolic syndrome and early-onset coronary artery disease: Is the whole greater than its parts? J Am Coll Cardiol. 48:1800–1807. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Iannaccone M, Quadri G, Taha S, D'Ascenzo F, Montefusco A, Omede P, Jang IK, Niccoli G, Souteyrand G, Yundai C, et al: Prevalence and predictors of culprit plaque rupture at OCT in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 17:1128–1137. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Lee MG, Jeong MH, Kim DH, Lee KH, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon NS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Park HW, et al: Can metabolic syndrome predict the vulnerable plaque in patients with stable angina pectoris? Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound analysis. J Cardiol. 59:266–274. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Yonetsu T, Kato K, Uemura S, Kim BK, Jang Y, Kang SJ, Park SJ, Lee S, Kim SJ, Jia H, et al: Features of coronary plaque in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus assessed by 3-vessel optical coherence tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 6:665–673. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Barbero U, Scacciatella P, Iannaccone M, D'Ascenzo F, Niccoli G, Colombo F, Ugo F, Colangelo S, Mancone M, Calcagno S, et al: Culprit plaque characteristics in younger versus older patients with acute coronary syndromes: An optical coherence tomography study from the FORMIDABLE registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 92:E1–E8. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Trusinskis K, Juhnevica D, Strenge K and Erglis A: iMap intravascular ultrasound evaluation of culprit and non-culprit lesions in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 14:71–75. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Erhardt L: Cigarette smoking: An undertreated risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 205:23–32. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Abtahian F, Yonetsu T, Kato K, Jia H, Vergallo R, Tian J, Hu S, McNulty I, Lee H, Yu B and Jang IK: Comparison by optical coherence tomography of the frequency of lipid coronary plaques in current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers. Am J Cardiol. 114:674–680. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Bolorunduro O, Cushman C, Kapoor D, Alexander K, Cuellar-Silva J, Giri S, Robinson V and Ibebuogu UN: Comparison of coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and composition of culprit lesions between cigarette smokers and non-smokers by in vivo virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. J Invasive Cardiol. 27:354–358. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Csordas A and Bernhard D: The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke. Nat Rev Cardiol. 10:219–230. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gili S, Iannaccone M, Colombo F, Montefusco A, Amabile N, Calcagno S, Capodanno D, Scalone G, Rognoni A, Omedè P, et al: Effects of statins on plaque rupture assessed by optical coherence tomography in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the optical coherence tomography (OCT)-FORMIDABLE registry. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 19:524–531. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Kume T and Uemura S: Current clinical applications of coronary optical coherence tomography. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 33:1–10. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Lee T, Mintz GS, Matsumura M, Zhang W, Cao Y, Usui E, Kanaji Y, Murai T, Yonetsu T, Kakuta T and Maehara A: Prevalence, predictors, and clinical presentation of a calcified nodule as assessed by optical coherence tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 10:883–891. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Gonzalez L and Trigatti BL: Macrophage apoptosis and necrotic core development in atherosclerosis: A rapidly advancing field with clinical relevance to imaging and therapy. Can J Cardiol. 33:303–312. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Janoudi A, Shamoun FE, Kalavakunta JK and Abela GS: Cholesterol crystal induced arterial inflammation and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. Eur Heart J. 37:1959–1967. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Taruya A, Tanaka A, Nishiguchi T, Matsuo Y, Ozaki Y, Kashiwagi M, Shiono Y, Orii M, Yamano T, Ino Y, et al: Vasa vasorum restructuring in human atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability: A clinical optical coherence tomography study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 65:2469–2477. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hou F, Zhou Y, Liu W, Yang S, Wang Z, Ma X, Du Y, Li Y and Guan J: Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors. Exp Ther Med 19: 2766-2772, 2020.
APA
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X. ... Guan, J. (2020). Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19, 2766-2772. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8484
MLA
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X., Du, Y., Li, Y., Guan, J."Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 19.4 (2020): 2766-2772.
Chicago
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X., Du, Y., Li, Y., Guan, J."Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 19, no. 4 (2020): 2766-2772. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8484
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hou F, Zhou Y, Liu W, Yang S, Wang Z, Ma X, Du Y, Li Y and Guan J: Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors. Exp Ther Med 19: 2766-2772, 2020.
APA
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X. ... Guan, J. (2020). Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19, 2766-2772. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8484
MLA
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X., Du, Y., Li, Y., Guan, J."Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 19.4 (2020): 2766-2772.
Chicago
Hou, F., Zhou, Y., Liu, W., Yang, S., Wang, Z., Ma, X., Du, Y., Li, Y., Guan, J."Characteristics of culprit lesions in young patients with metabolic syndrome and classic cardiovascular risk factors". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 19, no. 4 (2020): 2766-2772. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8484
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team