Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 20 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 20 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy

  • Authors:
    • Xuehui Wang
    • Jianfang Meng
    • Tongxing Zhang
    • William Weijia Lv
    • Zhao Liang
    • Qian Shi
    • Zhaoyang Li
    • Tao Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: First Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China, Biobank, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 447-453
    |
    Published online on: May 7, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8729
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints worldwide. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is considered to be a significant contributor to LBP; however, the mechanisms underlying IDD remain to be fully elucidated. One of the major features of IDD is the decreased content of type II collagen and proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus (NP). The present study aimed to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of IDD at the microscopic level using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy, based on inelastic scattering of light, is an emerging optical technique that may measure the chemical composition of complex biological samples, including biofluids, cells and tissues. In the present study, 30 NP tissue samples from 30 patients who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation and received spinal fusion surgery to relieve LBP were obtained and analyzed. Routine pre‑operative 3.0T, T2‑weighed MRI was used to classify the cases according to Pfirrmann grades and the T2 signal intensity value of the NP was measured. Subsequently, all NP samples were scanned and analyzed using a Laser MicroRaman Spectrometer at room temperature. The Raman spectral results demonstrated that the relative content of proteoglycans, expressed as the relative intensity ratio of two peaks (I1064/I1004), was significantly inversely correlated with the Pfirrmann grade (ρ=‑0.6462; P<0.0001), whereas the content of collagen (amide I) was significantly positively correlated with the Pfirrmann grade (ρ=0.5141; P<0.01). In conclusion, the higher relative intensity of the ratio of two peaks (I1670/I1640; Amide I) represented a higher fractional content of disordered collagen, which suggested that the defective collagen structure may lead to NP abnormalities.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Deyo RA and Mirza SK: Clinical practice. Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk. N Engl J Med. 374:1763–1772. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Kepler CK, Ponnappan RK, Tannoury CA, Risbud MV and Anderson DG: The molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J. 13:318–330. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Kallewaard JW, Geurts JW, Kessels A, Willems P, van Santbrink H and van Kleef M: Efficacy, safety, and predictors of intradiscal methylene blue injection for discogenic low back pain: Results of a multicenter prospective clinical series. Pain Pract. 16:405–412. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Cunha C, Silva AJ, Pereira P, Vaz R, Goncalves RM and Barbosa MA: The inflammatory response in the regression of lumbar disc herniation. Arthritis Res Ther. 20(251)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Cheung KM, Karppinen J, Chan D, Ho DW, Song YQ, Sham P, Cheah KS, Leong JC and Luk KD: Prevalence and pattern of lumbar magnetic resonance imaging changes in a population study of one thousand forty-three individuals. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34:934–940. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Wang Y, Wang H, Lv F, Ma X, Xia X and Jiang J: Asymmetry between the superior and inferior endplates is a risk factor for lumbar disc degeneration. J Orthop Res. 36:2469–2475. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

He A, Wang WZ, Qiao PF, Qiao GY, Cheng H and Feng PY: Quantitative evaluation of compressed l4-5 and s1 nerve roots of lumbar disc herniation patients by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography. World Neurosurg. 115:e45–e52. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Zhang W, Ma X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhang X, Gao Y and Li S: Assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 23:1830–1836. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Radek M, Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Jankowski S, Albrecht Ł, Grodzka M, Depta A and Radek A: Assessing the correlation between the degree of disc degeneration on the Pfirrmann scale and the metabolites identified in HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging. 34:376–380. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Xiong X, Zhou Z, Figini M, Shangguan J, Zhang Z and Chen W: Multi-parameter evaluation of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Am J Transl Res. 10:444–454. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Pudlas M, Brauchle E, Klein TJ, Hutmacher DW and Schenke-Layland K: Non-invasive identification of proteoglycans and chondrocyte differentiation state by Raman microspectroscopy. J Biophotonics. 6:205–211. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Kong K, Kendall C, Stone N and Notingher I: Raman spectroscopy for medical diagnostics-from in-vitro biofluid assays to in-vivo cancer detection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 89:121–134. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Kumar R, Singh GP, Gronhaug KM, Afseth NK, de Lange Davies C, Drogset JO and Lilledahl MB: Single cell confocal Raman spectroscopy of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: A preliminary study. Int J Mol Sci. 16:9341–9353. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Keating ME and Byrne HJ: Raman spectroscopy in nanomedicine: Current status and future perspective. Nanomedicine (Lond). 8:1335–1351. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Nima ZA, Biswas A, Bayer IS, Hardcastle FD, Perry D, Ghosh A, Dervishi E and Biris AS: Applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in advanced bio-medical technologies and diagnostics. Drug Metab Rev. 46:155–175. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Gong B, Oest ME, Mann KA, Damron TA and Morris MD: Raman spectroscopy demonstrates prolonged alteration of bone chemical composition following extremity localized irradiation. Bone. 57:252–258. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Lu FK, Calligaris D, Olubiyi OI, Norton I, Yang W, Santagata S, Xie XS, Golby AJ and Agar NY: Label-free neurosurgical pathology with stimulated Raman imaging. Cancer Res. 76:3451–3462. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Pence I and Mahadevan-Jansen A: Clinical instrumentation and applications of Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev. 45:1958–1979. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Wang WJ, Yang W, Ouyang ZH, Xue JB, Li XL, Zhang J, He WS, Chen WK, Yan YG and Wang C: MiR-21 promotes ECM degradation through inhibiting autophagy via the PTEN/akt/mTOR signaling pathway in human degenerated NP cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 99:725–734. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Luoma EK, Raininko R, Nummi PJ, Luukkonen R, Manninen HI and Riihimäki HA: Suitability of cerebrospinal fluid as a signal-intensity reference on MRI: Evaluation of signal-intensity variations in the lumbosacral dural sac. Neuroradiology. 39:728–732. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Tsao YT, Huang YJ, Wu HH, Liu YA, Liu YS and Lee OK: Osteocalcin mediates biomineralization during osteogenic maturation in human mesenchymal stromal cells. Int J Mol Sci. 18(pii: E159)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Takahashi Y, Sugano N, Takao M, Sakai T, Nishii T and Pezzotti G: Raman spectroscopy investigation of load-assisted microstructural alterations in human knee cartilage: Preliminary study into diagnostic potential for osteoarthritis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 31:77–85. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Buchwald T, Niciejewski K, Kozielski M, Szybowicz M, Siatkowski M and Krauss H: Identifying compositional and structural changes in spongy and subchondral bone from the hip joints of patients with osteoarthritis using Raman spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 17(017007)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Caraher MC, Sophocleous A, Beattie JR, O'Driscoll O, Cummins NM, Brennan O, O'Brien FJ, Ralston SH, Bell SEJ, Towler M and Idris AI: Raman spectroscopy predicts the link between claw keratin and bone collagen structure in a rodent model of oestrogen deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1864:398–406. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Quade M, Schumacher M, Bernhardt A, Lode A, Kampschulte M, Voß A, Simon P, Uckermann O, Kirsch M and Gelinsky M: Strontium-modification of porous scaffolds from mineralized collagen for potential use in bone defect therapy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 84:159–167. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Murab S and Ghosh S: Impact of osmoregulatory agents on the recovery of collagen conformation in decellularized corneas. Biomed Mater. 11(065005)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Masic A, Bertinetti L, Schuetz R, Galvis L, Timofeeva N, Dunlop JW, Seto J, Hartmann MA and Fratzl P: Observations of multiscale, stress-induced changes of collagen orientation in tendon by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules. 12:3989–3996. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Unal M, Jung H and Akkus O: Novel Raman spectroscopic biomarkers indicate that postyield damage denatures bone's collagen. J Bone Miner Res. 31:1015–1025. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Lurie JD, Moses RA, Tosteson AN, Tosteson TD, Carragee EJ, Carrino JA, Kaiser JA and Herzog RJ: Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of surgical outcome in patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 38:1216–1225. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Yang SH, Espinoza Orias AA, Pan CC, Senoo I, Andersson GBJ, An HS and Inoue N: Spatial geometric and magnetic resonance signal intensity changes with advancing stages of nucleus pulposus degeneration. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 18(473)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Benneker LM, Heini PF, Anderson SE, Alini M and Ito K: Correlation of radiographic and MRI parameters to morphological and biochemical assessment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Eur Spine J. 14:27–35. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Cassinelli EH, Hall RA and Kang JD: Biochemistry of intervertebral disc degeneration and the potential for gene therapy applications. Spine J. 1:205–214. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Tertti M, Paajanen H, Laato M, Aho H, Komu M and Kormano M: Disc degeneration in magnetic resonance imaging. A comparative biochemical, histologic, and radiologic study in cadaver spines. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 16:629–634. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Kalb S, Martirosyan NL, Kalani MY, Broc GG and Theodore N: Genetics of the degenerated intervertebral disc. World Neurosurg. 77:491–501. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Shi C, Wu H, Du D, Im HJ, Zhang Y, Hu B, Chen H, Wang X, Liu Y, Cao P, et al: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor APO866 prevents IL-1β-induced human nucleus pulposus cell degeneration via autophagy. Cell Physiol Biochem. 49:2463–2482. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Dehring KA, Smukler AR, Roessler BJ and Morris MD: Correlating changes in collagen secondary structure with aging and defective type II collagen by Raman spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc. 60:366–372. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang X, Meng J, Zhang T, Lv W, Liang Z, Shi Q, Li Z and Zhang T: Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy. Exp Ther Med 20: 447-453, 2020.
APA
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q. ... Zhang, T. (2020). Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 447-453. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8729
MLA
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, T."Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 447-453.
Chicago
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, T."Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 1 (2020): 447-453. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8729
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang X, Meng J, Zhang T, Lv W, Liang Z, Shi Q, Li Z and Zhang T: Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy. Exp Ther Med 20: 447-453, 2020.
APA
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q. ... Zhang, T. (2020). Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20, 447-453. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8729
MLA
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, T."Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 447-453.
Chicago
Wang, X., Meng, J., Zhang, T., Lv, W., Liang, Z., Shi, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, T."Identifying compositional and structural changes in the nucleus pulposus from patients with lumbar disc herniation using Raman spectroscopy". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20, no. 1 (2020): 447-453. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8729
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team