Non-sexual HPV transmission and role of vaccination for a better future (Review)

Petca,Aida; Borislavschi,Andreea; Zvanca,Mona Elena; Petca,Razvan-Cosmin; Sandru,Florica; Dumitrascu,Mihai Cristian

doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9316

Non-sexual HPV transmission and role of vaccination for a better future (Review)

Authors:
- Aida Petca
- Andreea Borislavschi
- Mona Elena Zvanca
- Razvan-Cosmin Petca
- Florica Sandru
- Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
View Affiliations

Affiliations: ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
Published online on: October 13, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9316
Article Number: 186

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )

Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

Abstract

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are epitheliotropic infecting squamous epithelia (skin and mucosae). HPV is estimated to be the cause of 99% of cervical cancers (there is no evidence of significant genetic predisposition for cervical cancer), 90% of anal cancer, 65% vaginal cancers, 50% vulvar cancers, and 45‑90% oropharyngeal cancers. The route of HPV transmission is primarily through skin‑to‑skin or skin‑to‑mucosa contact. Sexual transmission is the most documented, but there have been studies suggesting non‑sexual courses. The horizontal transfer of HPV includes fomites, fingers, and mouth, skin contact (other than sexual). Self‑inoculation is described in studies as a potential HPV transmission route, as it was certified in female virgins, and in children with genital warts (low‑risk HPV) without a personal history of sexual abuse. Vertical transmission from mother to child is another HPV transfer course. Several studies have emphasized the possibility of infection through the amniotic fluid, or the placenta, or via contact with maternal genital mucosa during natural birth. Waterborne transmission of HPV has never been demonstrated; however, HPV DNA has been detected in water environments. Routine hygiene measures are proven to be inefficient in preventing HPV transmission, as the studies which have evaluated samples of HPV on contaminated medical equipment (after standard disinfection) have found them to be still positive. Annual costs associated with the morbidity and mortality of HPV‑related diseases are estimated at approximately $4 billion. Once the HPV vaccine program in Australia was launched, many studies reported the initial effects: A decrease in the incidence of high‑grade cervical abnormalities, no new genital warts cases in females under 21 years. Promoting greater understanding in the general public about the evident benefits of vaccination can create positive vaccine attitudes and scatter the myths of spurious side effects.

View Figures

View References

1	Ryndock EJ and Meyers C: A risk for non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 12:1165–1170. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
2	Fathi R and Tsoukas MM: Genital warts and other HPV infections: Established and novel therapies. Clin Dermatol. 32:299–306. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
3	Park IU, Introcaso C and Dunne EF: Human papillomavirus and genital warts: A review of the evidence for the 2015 centers for disease control and prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 61 (Suppl 8):S849–S855. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
4	La Rosa G: Papillomavirus. In: Global Water Pathogen Project. Rose JB and Jiménez-Cisneros B (eds) (Meschke JS and Girones R (eds) Part 3 Viruses). Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, Unesco, 2016.
5	Castle PE and Maza M: Prophylactic HPV vaccination: Past, present, and future. Epidemiol Infect. 144:449–468. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
6	Gallay C, Miranda E, Schaefer S, Catarino R, Jacot-Guillarmod M, Menoud PA, Guerry F, Achtari C, Sahli R, Vassilakos P, et al: Human papillomavirus (HPV) contamination of gynaecological equipment. Sex Transm Infect. 92:19–23. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
7	Boda D, Neagu M, Constantin C, Voinescu RN, Caruntu C, Zurac S, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N, Tsoukalas D and Tsatsakis AM: HPV strain distribution in patients with genital warts in a female population sample. Oncol Lett. 12:1779–1782. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
8	You W, Li S, Du R, Zheng J and Shen A: Epidemiological study of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in subjects with abnormal cytological findings in cervical cancer screening. Exp Ther Med. 15:412–418. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
9	Chesson HW, Ekwueme DU, Saraiya M, Dunne EF and Markowitz LE: The cost-effectiveness of male HPV vaccination in the United States. Vaccine. 29:8443–8450. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
10	Boda D, Docea AO, Calina D, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Zurac S, Neagu M, Constantin C, Branisteanu DE, Voiculescu V, et al: Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review). Int J Oncol. 52:637–655. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
11	Fakhry C, Gillison ML and D'Souza G: Tobacco use and oral HPV-16 infection. JAMA. 312:1465–1467. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
12	Mehedintu C, Bratila E, Cirstoiu M, Petca A, Brinduse LA, Berceanu C, Barac RI, Andreescu CV, Petca RC, Sandru F, et al: Evaluation of effectiveness and tolerability of boric acid in the treatment of vaginal infection with Candida Species. Rev Chim. 70:2375–2378. 2019.
13	Fratini M, Di Bonito P and La Rosa G: Oncogenic papillomavirus and polyomavirus in water environments: Is there a potential for waterborne transmission? Food Environ Virol. 6:1–12. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
14	Casalegno JS, Le Bail Carval K, Eibach D, Valdeyron ML, Lamblin G, Jacquemoud H, Mellier G, Lina B, Gaucherand P, Mathevet P, et al: High risk HPV contamination of endocavity vaginal ultrasound probes: An underestimated route of nosocomial infection? PLoS One. 7(e48137)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
15	Ma ST, Yeung AC, Chan PK and Graham CA: Transvaginal ultrasound probe contamination by the human papillomavirus in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 30:472–475. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
16	Tay SK, Ho TH and Lim-Tan SK: Is genital human papillomavirus infection always sexually transmitted? Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol. 30:240–242. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
17	Mammas IN, Dalianis T, Doukas SG, Zaravinos A, Achtsidis V, Thiagarajan P, Theodoridou M and Spandidos DA: Paediatric virology and human papillomaviruses: An update. Exp Ther Med. 17:4337–4343. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
18	Hong Y, Li SQ, Hu YL and Wang ZQ: Survey of human papillomavirus types and their vertical transmission in pregnant women. BMC Infect Dis. 13(109)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
19	Bibby K and Peccia J: Identification of viral pathogen diversity in sewage sludge by metagenome analysis. Environ Sci Technol. 47:1945–1951. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
20	Iaconelli M, Petricca S, Libera SD, Di Bonito P and La Rosa G: First detection of human papillomaviruses and human polyomaviruses in river waters in Italy. Food Environ Virol. 7:309–315. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
21	Di Bonito P, Della Libera S, Petricca S, Iaconelli M, Sanguinetti M, Graffeo R, Accardi L and La Rosa G: A large spectrum of alpha and beta papillomaviruses are detected in human stool samples. J Gen Virol. 96:607–613. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
22	Ding DC, Chang YC, Liu HW and Chu TY: Long-term persistence of human papillomavirus in environments. Gynecol Oncol. 121:148–151. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
23	Gostin LO: Mandatory HPV vaccination and political debate. JAMA. 306:1699–1700. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
24	Brotherton JM, Winch KL, Bicknell L, Chappell G and Saville M: HPV vaccine coverage is increasing in Australia. Med J Aust. 206(262)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
25	Garland SM, Skinner SR and Brotherton JM: Adolescent and young adult HPV vaccination in Australia: Achievements and challenges. Prev Med. 53 (Suppl 1):S29–S35. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
26	Chow EP, Read TR, Wigan R, Donovan B, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS and Fairley CK: Ongoing decline in genital warts among young heterosexuals 7 years after the Australian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme. Sex Transm Infect. 91:214–219. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
27	Donovan B, Franklin N, Guy R, Grulich AE, Regan DG, Ali H, Wand H and Fairley CK: Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination and trends in genital warts in Australia: Analysis of national sentinel surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis. 11:39–44. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
28	Brotherton JM, Fridman M, May CL, Chappell G, Saville AM and Gertig DM: Early effect of the HPV vaccination programme on cervical abnormalities in Victoria, Australia: An ecological study. Lancet. 377:2085–2092. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
29	Brotherton JM, Saville AM, May CL, Chappell G and Gertig DM: Human papillomavirus vaccination is changing the epidemiology of high-grade cervical lesions in Australia. Cancer Causes Control. 26:953–954. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
30	Paduraru DN, Bouariu A, Ion D, Dumitrascu MC, Nitipir C, Pantea Stoian A, Hainarosie R, Bolocan A, Orlov C, Badiu DC, et al: Latest news and trends in what concerns the risk factors of endometrial cancer. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 23:14056–14066. 2018.
31	Rioux M, Garland A, Webster D and Reardon E: HPV positive tonsillar cancer in two laser surgeons: Case reports. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 42(54)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar