Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
January-2021 Volume 21 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-2021 Volume 21 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

Retraction in: /10.3892/etm.2021.9903
  • Authors:
    • Ya-Wen Shih
    • Anthony Paul O'brien
    • Chin-Sheng Hung
    • Kee-Hsin Chen
    • Wen-Hsuan Hou
    • Hsiu-Ting Tsai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan R.O.C., Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taipei 11031, Taiwan R.O.C., Post‑Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan R.O.C., Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei 11031, Taiwan R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Shih et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 23
    |
    Published online on: November 9, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9455
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The present systematic review and meta‑analysis investigated the association between exposure to radiofrequency radiation and the risk of breast cancer. The published studies that were available in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, Airiti Library, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations and ProQuest until May 2020 were investigated. A total of eight studies (four case‑control and four cohort studies) were eligible for quantitative analysis. A significant association between radiofrequency radiation exposure and breast cancer risk was detected [pooled relative risk (RR)=1.189; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.056‑1.339]. Subgroup analyses indicated that radiofrequency radiation exposure significantly increased the risk of breast cancer susceptibility among subjects aged ≥50 years (RR=2.179; 95% CI, 1.260‑3.770). Pooled estimates revealed that the use of electrical appliances, which emit radiofrequency radiation, such as mobile phones and computers, significantly increased breast cancer development (RR=2.057; 95% CI, 1.272‑3.327), while occupational radiofrequency exposure and transmitters did not increase breast cancer development (RR=1.274; 95% CI, 0.956‑1.697; RR=1.133; 95% CI, 0.987‑1.300, respectively). It was concluded that radiofrequency radiation exposure significantly increased the risk of breast cancer, especially in women aged ≥50 years and in individuals who used electric appliances, such as mobile phones and computers. In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑analysis, an evaluation protocol was prepared and registered with the PROSPERO database (registration no. CRD42018087283).
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Engel CL, Sharima Rasanayagam M, Gray JM and Rizzo J: Work and femalebreast cancer: The state of the evidence, 2002-2017. New Solut. 28:55–78. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Jalilian H, Eeftens M, Ziaei M and Röösli M: Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe. Environ Res. 176(108517)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Melnick RL: Commentary on the utility of the national toxicology program study on cell phone radiofrequency radiation data for assessing human health risks despite unfounded criticisms aimed at minimizing the findings of adverse health effects. Environ Res. 168:1–6. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Mokarram P, Sheikhi M, Mortazavi SMJ, Saeb S and Shokrpour N: Effect of exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation on estrogen receptor methylation status in colon cells of male sprague dawley rats. J Biomed Phys Eng. 7:79–86. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

5 

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 102:1–460. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Kern M, Kundi M, Moshammer H, Lercher P, Müller K, et al: EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. Rev Environ Health. 31:363–397. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Kuo CN, Liao YM, Kuo LN, Tsai HJ, Chang WC and Yen Y: Cancers in Taiwan: Practical insight from epidemiology, treatments, biomarkers, and cost. J Formos Med Assoc, Sep 12, 2019 (Online ahead of print).

8 

Lee KR, Hwang IC, Han KD, Jung J and Seo MH: Waist circumference and risk of breast cancer in Korean women: A nationwide cohort study. Int J Cancer. 142:1554–1559. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Groenendijk FH, Jager A, Cardoso F and van Deurzen CHM: A nationwide registry-based cohort study of the MammaPrint genomic risk classifier in invasive breast cancer. Breast. 38:125–131. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Pop LA, Cojocneanu-Petric RM, Pileczki V, Morar-Bolba G, Irimie A, Lazar V, Lombardo C, Paradiso A and Berindan-Neagoe I: Genetic alterations in sporadic triple negative breast cancer. Breast. 38:30–38. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Elwood PC, Whitmarsh A, Gallacher J, Bayer A, Adams R, Heslop L, Pickering J, Morgan G, Galante J, Dolwani S, et al: Healthy living and cancer: Evidence from UK Biobank. Ecancermedicalscience. 12(792)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zeinomar N, Thai A, Cloud AJ, McDonald JA, Liao Y and Terry MB: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in women diagnosed with breast cancer at the New York site of the breast cancer family registry. PLoS One. 12(e0189118)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Larsen J, Wallace P, Sim F, Chick J, Jarvis S, Lidington I, Neidle S, Ogden G and Owens L: Accuracy of alcohol and breast cancer risk information on Drinkaware's website. Drug Alcohol Rev. 37:304–306. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Takizawa Y, Kawai M, Kakugawa Y, Nishino Y, Ohuchi N and Minami Y: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk according to hormone receptor status in Japanese women: A case-control study. Tohoku J Exp Med. 244:63–73. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Chen Q, Lang L, Wu W, Xu G, Zhang X, Li T and Huang H: A meta-analysis on the relationship between exposure to ELF-EMFs and the risk of female breast cancer. PLoS One. 8(e69272)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Balekouzou A, Yin P, Afewerky HK, Bekolo C, Pamatika CM, Nambei SW, Djeintote M, Doui Doumgba A, Mossoro-Kpinde CD, Shu C, et al: Behavioral risk factors of breast cancer in Bangui of Central African Republic: A retrospective case-control study. PLoS One. 12(e0171154)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Cig B and Naziroglu M: Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1848:2756–2765. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Esmekaya MA, Canseven AG, Kayhan H, Tuysuz MZ, Sirav B and Seyhan N: Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and cytochrome-c release in microwave-exposed MCF-7 cells. Gen Physiol Biophys. 36:211–218. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Hallberg O: Cancer incidence vs. FM radio transmitter density. Electromagn Biol Med. 35:343–347. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Alkan A, Kutuk T, Karci E, Yasar A, Hicsonmez A and Utkan G: Radiation-induced tumor lysis syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Turk J Haematol. 33:248–250. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang P, Hou C, Li Y and Zhou D: Wireless phone use and risk of adult glioma: Evidence from a meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 115:e629–e636. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Yang M, Guo W, Yang C, Tang J, Huang Q, Feng S, Jiang A, Xu X and Jiang G: Mobile phone use and glioma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 12(e0175136)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Bortkiewicz A, Gadzicka E and Szymczak W: Mobile phone use and risk for intracranial tumors and salivary gland tumors-A meta-analysis. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 30:27–43. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Fenga C: Occupational exposure and risk of breast cancer. Biomed Rep. 4:282–292. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Sagar S, Dongus S, Schoeni A, Roser K, Eeftens M, Struchen B, Foerster M, Meier N, Adem S and Röösli M: Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in everyday microenvironments in Europe: A systematic literature review. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 28:147–160. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Stang A: Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 25:603–605. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Pagano M and Gauvreau K: Principles of biostatistics (2nd edition). Duxbury Press, 2000.

28 

Ioannidis JP, Patsopoulos NA and Evangelou E: Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses. BMJ. 335:914–916. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M and Minder C: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315:629–634. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Shi L and Lin L: The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: Practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Medicine (Baltimore). 98(e15987)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J and Altman DG: PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 6(e1000097)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI and Haldorsen T: Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control. 7:197–204. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Martinsen JI, Blaasaas KG and Andersen A: Incidence of breast cancer in a Norwegian cohort of women with potential workplace exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields. Am J Ind Med. 36:147–154. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Pollán M, Gustavsson P and Floderus B: Breast cancer, occupation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields among Swedish men. Am J Ind Med. 39:276–285. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Beniashvili D, Avinoach I, Baazov D and Zusman I: Household electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in elderly women. In Vivo. 19:563–566. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ha M, Lim HJ, Cho SH, Choi HD and Cho KY: Incidence of cancer in the vicinity of Korean AM radio transmitters. Arch Environ Health. 58:756–762. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Kliukiene J, Tynes T and Andersen A: Follow-up of radio and telegraph operators with exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 12:301–307. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Atzmon I, Linn S, Richter E and Portnov BA: Cancer risks in the druze isifya village: Reasons and RF/MW antennas. Pathophysiology. 19:21–28. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Aydoǧan T, Cakcak E, Şimşek O, Erginöz E, Aydogan F, Hatipoglu S and Kapan S: The effect of current environmental risk factors on breast cancer. Med J Bakirkoy. 9:176–182. 2013.

40 

Bartsch H, Bartsch C, Seebald E, Deerberg F, Dietz K, Vollrath L and Mecke D: Chronic exposure to a GSM-like signal (mobile phone) does not stimulate the development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats: Results of three consecutive studies. Radiat Res. 157:183–190. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Shih YW, Yang SF, Chien MH, Chang CW, Chang VHS and Tsai HT: Significant effect of acupressure in elevating blood stem cell factor during chemotherapy in patients with gynecologic cancer. J Nurs Res. 26:411–419. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Miah T and Kamat D: Current understanding of the health effects of electromagnetic fields. Pediatr Ann. 46:e172–e174. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Taheri M, Mortazavi SM, Moradi M, Mansouri S, Hatam GR and Nouri F: Evaluation of the effect of radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi router and mobile phone simulator on the antibacterial susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli. Dose Response. 15(1559325816688527)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Havas M: When theory and observation collide: Can non-ionizing radiation cause cancer? Environ Pollut. 221:501–505. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Lodi M, Scheer L, Reix N, Heitz D, Carin AJ, Thiébaut N, Neuberger K, Tomasetto C and Mathelin C: Breast cancer in elderly women and altered clinico-pathological characteristics: A systematic review. Breast cancer res Treat. 166:657–668. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Dugue PA, Bassett JK, Joo JE, Jung CH, Ming Wong E, Moreno-Betancur M, Schmidt D, Makalic E, Li S, Severi G, et al: DNA methylation-based biological aging and cancer risk and survival: Pooled analysis of seven prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 142:1611–1619. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Hernandez L, Terradas M, Camps J, Martin M, Tusell L and Genesca A: Aging and radiation: Bad companions. Aging Cell. 14:153–161. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Ameziane-El-Hassani R and Dupuy C: Detection of reactive oxygen species in cells undergoing oncogene-induced senescence. Methods Mol Biol. 1534:139–145. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Lee WJ, Choi Y, Ko S, Cha ES, Kim J, Kim YM, Kong KA, Seo S, Bang YJ and Ha YW: Projected lifetime cancer risks from occupational radiation exposure among diagnostic medical radiation workers in South Korea. BMC Cancer. 18(1206)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

West JG, Kapoor NS, Liao SY, Chen JW, Bailey L and Nagourney RA: Multifocal breast cancer in young women with prolonged contact between their breasts and their cellular phones. Case Rep Med. 2013(354682)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R and Westin JB: Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: Sentinel episodes. Int J Occup Environ Health. 6:187–193. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Warille AA, Altun G, Elamin AA, Kaplan AA, Mohamed H, Yurt KK and El Elhaj A: Skeptical approaches concerning the effect of exposure to electromagnetic fields on brain hormones and enzyme activities. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 5:177–184. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF and Czeisler CA: Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:1232–1237. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Kim J, Seo S, Lee DN, Park S, Im KJ, Park S and Jin YW: Occupational exposure characteristics and factors associated with radiation doses among Korean radiation workers. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, Feb 22, 2020 (Online ahead of print).

55 

Koeman T, van den Brandt PA, Slottje P, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, Kromhout H and Vermeulen R: Occupational extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure and selected cancer outcomes in a prospective Dutch cohort. Cancer Causes Control. 25:203–214. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

McElroy JA, Egan KM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Anderson HA, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM and Newcomb PA: Occupational exposure to electromagnetic field and breast cancer risk in a large, population-based, case-control study in the United States. J Occup Environ Med. 49:266–274. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA and Brody JG: Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. Environ Res. 160:152–182. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shih Y, O'brien AP, Hung C, Chen K, Hou W and Tsai H: Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903. Exp Ther Med 21: 23, 2021.
APA
Shih, Y., O'brien, A.P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., & Tsai, H. (2021). Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9455
MLA
Shih, Y., O'brien, A. P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., Tsai, H."Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 23.
Chicago
Shih, Y., O'brien, A. P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., Tsai, H."Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9455
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shih Y, O'brien AP, Hung C, Chen K, Hou W and Tsai H: Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903. Exp Ther Med 21: 23, 2021.
APA
Shih, Y., O'brien, A.P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., & Tsai, H. (2021). Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9455
MLA
Shih, Y., O'brien, A. P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., Tsai, H."Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 23.
Chicago
Shih, Y., O'brien, A. P., Hung, C., Chen, K., Hou, W., Tsai, H."Exposure to radiofrequency radiation increases the risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta‑analysis Retraction in /10.3892/etm.2021.9903". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 23. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9455
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team