MicroRNA‑219‑5p participates in cyanotic congenital heart disease progression by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis
- Authors:
- Published online on: November 11, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9468
- Article Number: 36
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Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) is a type of congenital defect that develops during gestation and affects 1/1,000 newborns representing ~10% of all CHD worldwide (1,2). Progress in surgery and other interventions has improved the treatment of purpuric CHD, however, treatment failure often occurs due to the persistence of cyanosis (3). Chronic hypoxia is the basic pathophysiological process associated with cyanotic CHD (4). Thus, investigation of the protective mechanisms of cardiomyocytes under chronic hypoxia may provide novel treatment strategies for patients with cyanotic CHD.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of highly conserved, non-coding RNA molecules that are ~22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs bind to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs to regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner (5). Recent studies have proposed that miRNAs play a key role in the progression of CHD (6,7). Existing research has confirmed that miRNA-145 can target frataxin to regulate the development of CHD (6). miR-182 was confirmed to play a protective role in cyanotic CHD by suppressing transcription factor HES1(7). Studies have reported that miR-219-5p is a tumor suppressor in various cancers, such as glioblastoma and colon cancer (8,9). However, the potential role of miR-219-5p in cyanotic CHD remains unclear.
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor which has been implicated in a variety of biological processes, including cell development, lipid homeostasis, embryogenesis and steroidogenesis (10). LRH-1 expression was identified in mouse and human tissues derived from the endoderm, including the liver, intestine and exocrine pancreas, as well as in the ovary and brain (11,12). LRH-1 was reported to play a role in cancer development and progression (13-15). Functional studies have shown that LRH-1 regulated cancer cell growth, apoptosis and invasiveness (14,15). However, the physiological function of LRH-1 in cyanotic CHD remains to be elucidated.
The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-219-5p in the proliferation and apoptosis of hypoxic cardiomyocytes and its potential mechanisms in the development of cyanotic CHD.
Materials and methods
Patients
A total of 30 children diagnosed with CHD in Huai'an First People's Hospital (Huai'an, China) between January 2017 and March 2018, including 15 children with cyanotic CHD (8 females, 7 males; age range, 3.6-16 years) and 15 children with acyanotic CHD (8 females, 7 males; age range, 2.9-15 years), were enrolled in the current study. All participants and their legal guardians agreed to the use of their samples in the present study, and written informed consents were obtained from all the legal guardians of all participants. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huai'an First People's Hospital. Standardized anesthesia and operation were performed according to a previous study (16). A biopsy sample was obtained from the right ventricular outflow tract. Myocardium samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70˚C until further use.
Cell culture and treatment
Embryonic rat ventricular myocardial H9C2 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. H9C2 cells were first serum-starved overnight before being incubated in an incubator containing a gaseous mixture of 5% CO2, 94% N2 and 1% O2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37˚C for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h.
Cell transfection
miR-219-5p inhibitor (5'-AGAAUUGCG UUUGGACAAUCA-3') and inhibitor control (5'-CAGUAC UUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3') were synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. LRH-1-small interfering RNA (siRNA; cat no. CRR1673) and control-siRNA (cat no. 9500C-20) were obtained from Guangzhou Weijia Technology Co., Ltd (https://whiga.biomart.cn/). A total of 100 nM miR-219-5p inhibitor and 100 nM inhibitor control, 0.2 µM LRH-1-siRNA and 0.2 µM control-siRNA or 100 nM miR-219-5p inhibitor + 0.2 µM LRH-1siRNA were transfected into H9C2 cells using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cells were left incubated for 72 h before transfection efficiency was analyzed with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Cells without any treatment were used as the control.
Western blot analysis
Total protein from H9C2 cells was extracted using RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors. A bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to detect protein concentration. Protein lysates (40 µg per lane) were subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). Membranes were blocked for 1 h at room temperature using 5% skim milk and subsequently incubated with the following primary antibodies at 4˚C overnight: LRH-1 (cat no. 12800; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), cyclin D1 (cat no. 2978; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), β-catenin (cat no. 8480; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and β-actin (cat no. 4970; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). The membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody (anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, cat no. 7074; 1:1,000; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 2 h. Protein bands were visualized with an ECL western blotting kit (EMD Millipore).
RT-qPCR
TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to isolate total RNA according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was reverse transcribed from total RNA using a PrimeScript RT Reagent kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was subsequently performed using the SYBR Premix Ex Taq GC kit (Takara Bio, Inc.) on an ABI 7500 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The thermocycling conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation 95˚C for 5 min, followed by 38 cycles of denaturation at 95˚C for 15 sec and annealing/elongation at 60˚C for 30 sec. The following primer pairs were used for the qPCR: miR-219-5p forward, 5'-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTGAT TGTCCAAACGCAAT-3' and reverse, 5'-CTCAACTGGTGT CGTGGA3'; LRH-1 forward, 5'-GCACGGACTTACACCTAT TGTG-3' and reverse, 5'-TGTCAATTTGGCAGTTCTGG-3'; cyclin D1 forward, 5'-AACTACCTG GACCGCTTCCT-3 and reverse, 5'-CCACTTGAGCTTGTTCACCA-3'; U6 forward, 5'-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACATAT-3' and reverse, 5'-TTG CGTGTCATCCTTGCG-3' and GAPDH forward, 5'-CTG GGCTACACTGAGCACC-3' and reverse, 5'-AAGTGGTCG TTGAGGGCAATG-3'. GAPDH and U6 were employed as internal controls. Relative expression of genes was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCq method (17).
MTT assay
MTT assay was used to measure cell viability. H9C2 cells (4x103 cells/well) were seeded into 96-well culture plates. Subsequently, H9C2 cells were pre-transfected with miR-219-5p inhibitor, inhibitor control or miR-219-5p inhibitor + LRH-1-siRNA for 6 h. The cells were incubated for a further 72 h in hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. Finally, cells were incubated with MTT (5 mg/ml) for 4 h. A total of 150 µl DMSO was added to each well and incubated at 37˚C for 30 min. A microplate spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm.
Luciferase reporter assay
The potential target genes of miR-219-5p were identified using bioinformatics prediction software MicroRNA.org (http://www.microrna.org/mircrorna/home.do). The results indicated the binding sites between LRH-1 and miR-219-5p, which was further confirmed with a dual luciferase reporter assay. The 3'-UTR of LRH-1 containing the seed sequence of the wild-type (WT) or a mutated (MUT) binding site of miR-219-5p was cloned into psiCHECK-2 vectors (Promega Corporation) to generate psiCHECK-LRH-1-3'UTR-WT and MUT luciferase reporter plasmids. Subsequently, Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to co-transfect plasmid DNA and miR-219-5p mimic/mimic control into H9C2 cells for 48 h. A dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega Corporation) was then used to measure the luciferase activity and Renilla luciferase activity was used for normalization.
Flow cytometry assay
Flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC apoptosis kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was performed to determine cell apoptosis. H9C2 cells were pre-transfected with miR-219-5p inhibitor, inhibitor control or miR-219-5p inhibitor + LRH-1-siRNA for 6 h. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for a further 72 h in hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. Following treatment, cells were harvested and suspended in 500 µl binding buffer. Cells were then double-stained with 5 µl Annexin V-FITC and 5 µl propidium iodide for 10 min in the dark at room temperature. FACS flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) was used to analyze each sample. Data were analyzed using FlowJo software (version 7.6.1; FlowJo LLC).
Statistical analysis
SPSS 18.0 (SPSS, Inc.) was used to analyze the data. All experiments were performed three times. Results were expressed as the mean ± SD. Comparisons between groups were determined using Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
miR-219-5p is upregulated in patients with cyanotic CHD and hypoxic cardiomyocytes
RT-qPCR results revealed that the expression of miR-219-5p in patients with cyanotic CHD was significantly higher compared with patients with acyanotic CHD (Fig. 1A). Additionally, H9C2 cells were exposed to hypoxic conditions for 0 (cells under normal oxygen conditions), 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. miR-219-5p was found to gradually increase in a time-dependent manner (Fig. 1B).
LRH-1 is a target of miR-219-5p
Bioinformatic results from MicroRNA.org predicted that LRH-1 contained theoretical miR-219-5p binding sites in its 3'-UTR (Fig. 2A). To confirm whether miR-219-5p could directly target the LRH-1 3'-UTR, a luciferase reporter plasmid containing WT and MUT LRH-1 3'-UTR were co-transfected with the miR-219-5p mimic or mimic control into H9C2 cells. As shown in Fig. 2B, co-expression of miR-219-5p mimic significantly inhibited the luciferase reporter activity of the wild-type LRH-1 3'-UTR but not of the mutant LRH-1 3'-UTR. These results suggested that LRH-1 is a direct target of miR-219-5p.
Effects of miR-219-5p inhibitor on cell survival under hypoxic conditions
The potential role of miR-219-5p in hypoxic cardiomyocytes was then investigated. H9C2 cells were transfected with miR-219-5p inhibitor, inhibitor control, LRH-1-siRNA or control-siRNA for 72 h. Transfection efficiencies were detected by RT-qPCR. As shown in Fig. 3A, miR-219-5p expression significantly decreased in miR-219-5p inhibitor-transfected cells compared with the control group. Levels of both mRNA (Fig. 3B) and protein (Fig. 3C) expression of LRH-1 markedly decreased in the LRH-1-siRNA transfection group compared with the control group.
An MTT assay was then performed to detect cell viability. As shown in Fig. 4A, inhibition of miR-219-5p significantly enhanced H9C2 cell viability in hypoxic conditions at 72 h compared with cells under hypoxic conditions. Co-transfection of cells with LRH-1-siRNA resulted in significantly reduced cell viability compared with the miR-219-5p inhibitor group.
Downregulation of miR-219-5p inhibits hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis
To investigate whether miR-219-5p played a role in hypoxia-induced apoptosis, flow cytometry was used. Flow cytometry results showed that hypoxia induction significantly enhanced H9C2 cell apoptosis compared with the control group. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by miR-219-5p inhibitor, and this reduction was partially reversed by LRH-1-siRNA transfection (Figs. 4B and C).
Effects of miR-219-5p inhibition on the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway in hypoxic cardiomyocytes
In order to investigate the possible mechanisms behind the role of miR-219-5p in hypoxic cardiomyocytes, the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway was studied. H9C2 cells were first transfected with miR-219-5p inhibitor, inhibitor control or miR-219-5p inhibitor + LRH-1-siRNA for 6 h. Subsequently, the cells were incubated for a further 72 h in hypoxic and non-hypoxic conditions. The mRNA and protein expression levels of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin in H9C2 cells were then determined. The results indicated that hypoxia induction reduced protein (Fig. 5A) and mRNA (Fig. 5B-D) levels of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin in H9C2 cells. Transfection with miR-219-5p inhibitor increased protein and mRNA levels of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin compared with inhibitor controls. These effects were partially reversed by transfecting cells with LRH-1-siRNA.
Discussion
In the present study, miR-219-5p was discovered to possibly be involved in the development of cyanotic CHD. The present research showed that the expression of miR-219-5p was significantly upregulated in patients with cyanotic CHD and hypoxic cardiomyocytes compared with patients with acyanotic CHD and normal untreated cardiomyocytes, respectively. Downregulation of miR-219-5p increased hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte viability and inhibited hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by targeting LRH-1. Therefore, inhibition of miR-219-5p expression may be a potential mechanism for cardioprotection against chronic hypoxia.
Chronic hypoxia is the basic pathophysiological process associated with cyanotic CHD (18). A previous study reported that reduction of cell viability, invasion and migration, and increased cell apoptosis could be induced by hypoxia in H9C2 cells (19). In addition, hypoxia could enhance cardiomyocyte apoptosis to induce cytotoxicity (20). Hypoxia treatment triggered a variety in miRNA expression abnormalities, such as miR-181 and miR-532-5p, in cardiomyocytes (21,22). In the present study, H9C2 cell viability was inhibited and apoptosis was increased after 72 h of hypoxia induction. miR-219-5p expression in patients with cyanotic CHD and in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes was significantly upregulated compared with patients with acyanotic CHD and normal cardiomyocytes, respectively.
miR-219-5p has been extensively studied in several disease processes. A previous study reported that miR-219-5p inhibitor protected against spinal cord injury by regulating the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (23). miR-219-5p promoted the metastasis and growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via downregulating cadherin 1(24). Additionally, a recent study found that miR-219-5p was markedly increased in hypoxic keratinocytes and targeted transmembrane protein 98 to inhibit wound healing in keratinocytes under hypoxic conditions (25). However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have reported the potential role of miR-219-5p in heart diseases. In the present research, the data showed that inhibition of miR-219-5p reduced cell apoptosis and enhanced cell viability in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes, indicating that inhibition of miR-219-5p might play a protective role in the progression of cyanotic CHD.
In the present research, LRH-1 was shown to be a direct target of miR-219-5p. LRH-1 is known to be a co-activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (26). Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in various cellular and biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis (27). Dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in the onset and progression of hypertensive heart disease (28). A previous study reported that hypoxia-inducible factor 2α induced cardiomyogenesis via enhancing the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells (29). These studies indicated a positive role of Wnt/β-catenin in cardiac protection. In the present study, the results showed that inhibition of the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cardiomyocytes by hypoxia could be reversed by miR-219-5p inhibitor transfection. Moreover, LRH-1 siRNA transfection could reverse the effects of miR-219-5p inhibitor on hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes. However, a limitation of the current research is the absence of another experimental condition such as a hypoxia group co-transfected with both inhibitor and control siRNA.
In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that the expression of miR-219-5p was increased in patients with cyanotic CHD and hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Downregulation of miR-219-5p increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis of hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes via affecting the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results suggested that miR-219-5p may be a potential target in the clinical therapeutic treatment of cyanotic CHD. However, the study is only a preliminary analysis of the role of miR-219-5p in congenital heart disease. To further confirm the role of miR-219-5p in CHD, more in-depth experimental research is still required. For example, the role of miR-219-5p/LRH-1 in other types of cardiomyocytes (such as human primary cardiomyocytes and mouse cardiomyocytes) could be investigated. The role of miR-219-5p/LRH-1 in CHD could be investigated in vivo. The relationship between the expression of miR-219-5p/LRH-1 in patients with CHD and the clinical pathological features of patients with CHD could also be studied.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
All datasets used and/or generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
CH contributed to the conception and design of the study. SH and FW contributed to the data acquisition, analysis and interpretation. HD analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huai'an First People's Hospital (Huai'an, China). Written informed consents were obtained from the legal guardians of all participants.
Patient consent for publication
All patients' guardians provided consent for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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