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Review Open Access

An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ovidiu Farc
    • Victor Cristea
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    Affiliations: Immunology Department, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj‑Napoca, Romania
    Copyright: © Farc et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 96
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    Published online on: November 26, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9528
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Abstract

For a long period, cancer has been believed to be a gene disease, in which oncogenic and suppressor mutations accumulate gradually, finally leading to the malignant transformation of cells. This vision has changed in the last few years, the involvement of the tumor microenvironment, the non‑malignant part of the tumors, as an important contributor to the malignant growth being now largely recognized. There is a consensus according to which the understanding of the tumor microenvironment is important as a means to develop new approaches in the therapy of cancer. In this context, the present study is a review of the different types of non‑malignant cells that can be found in tumors, with their pro or antitumoral actions, pre­sence in tumors and therapeutic targeting. These cells establish complex relations between them, through cytokines, exosomes, cell adhesion, co‑stimulation and co‑inhibition; these relations will also be examined in the present work.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Farc O and Cristea V: An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 96, 2021.
APA
Farc, O., & Cristea, V. (2021). An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 96. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9528
MLA
Farc, O., Cristea, V."An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 96.
Chicago
Farc, O., Cristea, V."An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 96. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9528
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Farc O and Cristea V: An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 96, 2021.
APA
Farc, O., & Cristea, V. (2021). An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 96. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9528
MLA
Farc, O., Cristea, V."An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.1 (2021): 96.
Chicago
Farc, O., Cristea, V."An overview of the tumor microenvironment, from cells to complex networks (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 1 (2021): 96. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.9528
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