Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Razvan-Cosmin Petca
    • Razvan-Ionut Popescu
    • Cristian Toma
    • Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
    • Aida Petca
    • Florica Sandru
    • Calin Bogdan Chibelean
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: April 14, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10056
  • Article Number: 624
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Abstract

Chemical cystitis (CC) is an inflammation of the bladder caused by various chemical agents ingested intentionally or accidentally. It is linked to chemotherapeutic agents such as cyclophosphamide, therapeutic agents for diverse diseases, and anesthetic agents consumed abusively for recreational effects such as ketamine, or can be linked to environmental and surrounding factors such as soaps, gels, spermicides, and dyes. CC is a pathology with an increasing incidence that is inadequately treated due to its infectious cystitis‑like symptoms. The hemorrhagic form can have a rampant evolution. Treatment options of CC and its complications are under continuous research with no accepted standardized sequence. In many situations, the treatments are difficult to obtain, administer, and follow‑up. In addition, the lack of experience of the physician may pose other obstacles in delivering treatment to the patient. In conclusion, CC is a disease with an increasing incidence, challenging to diagnose, which is frequently mistreated, and has multiple treatment modalities that still require standardization in administration and sequencing.
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June-2021
Volume 21 Issue 6

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Petca R, Popescu R, Toma C, Dumitrascu MC, Petca A, Sandru F and Chibelean CB: Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review). Exp Ther Med 21: 624, 2021.
APA
Petca, R., Popescu, R., Toma, C., Dumitrascu, M.C., Petca, A., Sandru, F., & Chibelean, C.B. (2021). Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 624. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10056
MLA
Petca, R., Popescu, R., Toma, C., Dumitrascu, M. C., Petca, A., Sandru, F., Chibelean, C. B."Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.6 (2021): 624.
Chicago
Petca, R., Popescu, R., Toma, C., Dumitrascu, M. C., Petca, A., Sandru, F., Chibelean, C. B."Chemical hemorrhagic cystitis: Diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 6 (2021): 624. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10056