High‑dose intravenous immunoglobulins as a therapeutic option in critical illness polyneuropathy accompanying SARS‑CoV‑2 infection: A case‑based review of the literature (Review)
- Authors:
- Adina Stoian
- Zoltan Bajko
- Smaranda Maier
- Roxana Adriana Cioflinc
- Bianca Liana Grigorescu
- Anca Moțățăianu
- Laura Bărcuțean
- Rodica Balașa
- Mircea Stoian
-
Affiliations: Department of Pathophysiology, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania, Department of Neurology, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania, 1st Neurology Clinic, Mures County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania - Published online on: August 16, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10616
- Article Number: 1182
-
Copyright: © Stoian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
|
Ghebreyesus WD-GTA: WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020 USA. World Health Organisation, 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020. Accessed in February 15, 2021. | |
|
Gharebaghi N, Nejadrahim R, Mousavi SJ, Sadat-Ebrahimi SR and Hajizadeh R: The use of intravenous immunoglobulin gamma for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. BMC Infect Dis. 20(786)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Shao Z, Feng Y, Zhong L, Xie Q, Lei M, Liu Z, Wang C, Ji J, Liu H, Gu Z, et al: Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in critical ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Clin Transl Immunology. 9(e1192)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al: China novel coronavirus investigating and research team: A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 382:727–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, et al: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 382:1708–1720. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395:497–506. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al: Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 323:1061–1069. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zink W, Kollmar R and Schwab S: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit. Nat Rev Neurol. 5:372–379. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Osler W: The Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1st edition, D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1892. | |
|
Mertens HG: Disseminated neuropathy following coma. On the differentation of so-called toxic polyneuropathy. Nervenarzt. 32:71–79. 1961.PubMed/NCBI(In German). | |
|
Bolton CF, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF and Sibbald WJ: Polyneuropathy in critically ill patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 47:1223–1231. 1984.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bolton CF, Laverty DA, Brown JD, Witt NJ, Hahn AF and Sibbald WJ: Critically ill polyneuropathy: Electrophysiological studies and differentiation from Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 49:563–573. 1986.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bolton CF: Sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: Neuromuscular manifestations. Crit Care Med. 24:1408–1416. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bolton CF: Neuromuscular manifestations of critical illness. Muscle Nerve. 32:140–163. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Friedrich O: Critical illness myopathy: Sepsis-mediated failure of the peripheral nervous system. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 42:73–82. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F and Van den Berghe G: Clinical review: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care. 12(238)2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lacomis D and Campellone JV: Critical illness neuromyopathies. Adv Neurol. 88:325–335. 2002.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bolton CF: The discovery of critical illness polyneuropathy: A memoir. Can J Neurol Sci. 37:431–438. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cabañes-Martínez L, Villadóniga M, González-Rodríguez L, Araque L, Díaz-Cid A, Ruz-Caracuel I, Pian H, Sánchez-Alonso S, Fanjul S, Del Álamo M and Regidor I: Neuromuscular involvement in COVID-19 critically ill patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 131:2809–2816. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zhou C, Wu L, Ni F, Ji W, Wu J and Zhang H: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: A systematic review. Neural Regen Res. 9:101–110. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Casas-Rojo JM, Antón-Santos JM, Millán-Núñez-Cortés J, Lumbreras-Bermejo C, Ramos-Rincón JM, Roy-Vallejo E, Artero-Mora A, Arnalich-Fernández F, García-Bruñén JM, Vargas-Núñez JA, et al: Clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Spain: Results from the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry. Rev Clin Esp. 220:480–494. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Spanish). | |
|
Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response, Chinese center for disease control and prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 41:145–151. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese). | |
|
De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP, Authier FJ, Durand-Zaleski I, Boussarsar M, Cerf C, Renaud E, Mesrati F, Carlet J, et al: Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: A prospective multicenter study. JAMA. 288:2859–2867. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de Letter MA, Schmitz PI, Visser LH, Verheul FA, Schellens RL, Op de Coul DA and van der Meché FG: Risk factors for the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 29:2281–2286. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Sharshar T, Outin H and Brochard L: Does ICU-acquired paresis lengthen weaning from mechanical ventilation? Intensive Care Med. 30:1117–1121. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Leijten FS, De Weerd AW, Poortvliet DC, De Ridder VA, Ulrich C and Harink-De Weerd JE: Critical illness polyneuropathy in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and weaning from the ventilator. Intensive Care Med. 22:856–861. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Garnacho-Montero J, Amaya-Villar R, García-Garmendía JL, Madrazo-Osuna J and Ortiz-Leyba C: Effect of critical illness polyneuropathy on the withdrawal from mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in septic patients. Crit Care Med. 33:349–354. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Leijten FS, Harinck-de Weerd JE, Poortvliet DC and de Weerd AW: The role of polyneuropathy in motor convalescence after prolonged mechanical ventilation. JAMA. 274:1221–1225. 1995.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P, Bruyninckx F and Wouters PJ: Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology. 64:1348–1353. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hermans G, Schrooten M, Van Damme P, Berends N, Bouckaert B, De Vooght W, Robberecht W and Van den Berghe G: Benefits of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications in routine daily critical care practice: A retrospective study. Crit Care. 13(R5)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, Milants I, Wouters PJ, Bobbaers H, Bruyninckx F and Van den Berghe G: Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 175:480–489. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Latronico N and Bolton CF: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: A major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol. 10:931–941. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bednarík J, Vondracek P, Dusek L, Moravcova E and Cundrle I: Risk factors for critical illness polyneuromyopathy. J Neurol. 252:343–351. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tennilä A, Salmi T, Pettilä V, Roine RO, Varpula T and Takkunen O: Early signs of critical illness polyneuropathy in ICU patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 26:1360–1363. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bercker S, Weber-Carstens S, Deja M, Grimm C, Wolf S, Behse F, Busch T, Falke KJ and Kaisers U: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 33:711–715. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F and Van den Berghe G: Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: Jan 30, 2009 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006832.pub3. | |
|
De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, Durand MC, Malissin I, Rodrigues P, Cerf C, Outin H and Sharshar T: Groupe de Réflexion et d'Etude des Neuromyopathies en Réanimation. Respiratory weakness is associated with limb weakness and delayed weaning in critical illness. Crit Care Med. 35:2007–2015. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Eikermann M, Koch G, Gerwig M, Ochterbeck C, Beiderlinden M, Koeppen S, Neuhäuser M and Peters J: Muscle force and fatigue in patients with sepsis and multiorgan failure. Intensive Care Med. 32:251–259. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zifko UA, Zipko HT and Bolton CF: Clinical and electrophysiological findings in critical illness polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci. 159:186–193. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bird SJ: Diagnosis and management of critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 9:85–92. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
van Mook WN and Hulsewé-Evers RP: Critical illness polyneuropathy. Curr Opin Crit Care. 8:302–310. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Latronico N, Fenzi F, Recupero D, Guarneri B, Tomelleri G, Tonin P, De Maria G, Antonini L, Rizzuto N and Candiani A: Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Lancet. 347:1579–1582. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Bednarík J, Lukas Z and Vondracek P: Critical illness polyneuromyopathy: The electrophysiological components of a complex entity. Intensive Care Med. 29:1505–1514. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Latronico N, Bertolini G, Guarneri B, Botteri M, Peli E, Andreoletti S, Bera P, Luciani D, Nardella A, Vittorielli E, et al: Simplified electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral nerves in critically ill patients: The Italian multi-centre CRIMYNE study. Crit Care. 11(R11)2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Dhand UK: Clinical approach to the weak patient in the intensive care unit. Respir Care. 51:1024–1041. 2006.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Z'Graggen WJ, Lin CS, Howard RS, Beale RJ and Bostock H: Nerve excitability changes in critical illness polyneuropathy. Brain. 129:2461–2470. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Z'Graggen WJ and Bostock H: Nerve membrane excitability testing. Eur J Anaesthesiol Suppl. 42:68–72. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cankayali I, Dogan YH, Solak I, Demirag K, Eris O, Demirgoren S and Moral AR: Neuromuscular deterioration in the early stage of sepsis in rats. Crit Care. 11(R1)2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
van der Meché FG and van Doorn PA: Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Immune mechanisms and update on current therapies. Ann Neurol. 37 (Suppl 1):S14–S31. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lad H, Saumur TM, Herridge MS, Dos Santos CC, Mathur S, Batt J and Gilbert PM: Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: Not just another muscle atrophying condition. Int J Mol Sci. 21(7840)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Schweickert WD and Hall J: ICU-acquired weakness. Chest. 131:1541–1549. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Young GB: Critical illness myopathy: Deeper insights. Crit Care Med. 36(1977)2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Nanas S, Kritikos K, Angelopoulos E, Siafaka A, Tsikriki S, Poriazi M, Kanaloupiti D, Kontogeorgi M, Pratikaki M, Zervakis D, et al: Predisposing factors for critical illness polyneuromyopathy in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. Acta Neurol Scand. 118:175–181. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Visser LH: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: Clinical features, risk factors and prognosis. Eur J Neurol. 13:1203–1212. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hough CL and Needham DM: The role of future longitudinal studies in ICU survivors: Understanding determinants and pathophysiology of weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction. Curr Opin Crit Care. 13:489–496. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, et al: Canadian critical care trials Group. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 348:683–693. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Witt NJ, Zochodne DW, Bolton CF, Grand'Maison F, Wells G, Young GB and Sibbald WJ: Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Chest. 99:176–184. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang T, Li Z, Jiang L, Wang Y and Xi X: Risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired weakness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 138:104–114. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fenzi F, Latronico N, Refatti N and Rizzuto N: Enhanced expression of E-selectin on the vascular endothelium of peripheral nerve in critically ill patients with neuromuscular disorders. Acta Neuropathol. 106:75–82. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lacomis D: Neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients: Review and update. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis. 12:197–218. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Friedrich O, Hund E, Weber C, Hacke W and Fink RH: Critical illness myopathy serum fractions affect membrane excitability and intracellular calcium release in mammalian skeletal muscle. J Neurol. 251:53–65. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Rich MM and Pinter MJ: Crucial role of sodium channel fast inactivation in muscle fibre inexcitability in a rat model of critical illness myopathy. J Physiol. 547:555–566. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Haeseler G, Foadi N, Wiegand E, Ahrens J, Krampfl K, Dengler R and Leuwer M: Endotoxin reduces availability of voltage-gated human skeletal muscle sodium channels at depolarized membrane potentials. Crit Care Med. 36:1239–1247. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Guarneri B, Bertolini G and Latronico N: Long-term outcome in patients with critical illness myopathy or neuropathy: The Italian multicentre CRIMYNE study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 79:838–841. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Brealey D, Brand M, Hargreaves I, Heales S, Land J, Smolenski R, Davies NA, Cooper CE and Singer M: Association between mitochondrial dysfunction and severity and outcome of septic shock. Lancet. 360:219–223. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Druschky A, Herkert M, Radespiel-Tröger M, Druschky K, Hund E, Becker CM, Hilz MJ, Erbguth F and Neundörfer B: Critical illness polyneuropathy: Clinical findings and cell culture assay of neurotoxicity assessed by a prospective study. Intensive Care Med. 27:686–693. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Guadarrama-Ortiz P, Choreño-Parra JA, Sánchez-Martínez CM, Pacheco-Sánchez FJ, Rodríguez-Nava AI and García-Quintero G: Neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Mechanisms and manifestations. Front Neurol. 11(1039)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, Yuan J, Wei J, Huang F, Wang F, Li G, Li Y, Xing L, et al: Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 146:119–127.e4. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen H, Yu H, et al: Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 130:2620–2629. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Winkelman C: Inactivity and inflammation: Selected cytokines as biologic mediators in muscle dysfunction during critical illness. AACN Clin Issues. 15:74–82. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Maier S, Motataianu A, Barcutean L, Balint A, Hutanu A, Bajko Z, Stoian A, And one S and Balasa R: Interferon-β 1A, an immunomodulator in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. The effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Farmacia. 68:65–75. 2020. | |
|
Crisafulli S, Isgrò V, La Corte L, Atzeni F and Trifirò G: Potential role of anti-interleukin (IL)-6 drugs in the treatment of COVID-19: Rationale, clinical evidence and risks. BioDrugs. 34:415–422. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS and Manson JJ: HLH Across Speciality Collaboration, UK. COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 395:1033–1034. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Van Aerde N, Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Gosselink R and Hermans G: COVID-19 Consortium. Intensive care unit acquired muscle weakness in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 46:2083–2085. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tuttle CS, Thang LAN and Maier AB: Markers of inflammation and their association with muscle strength and mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 64(101185)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Morley JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K and Anker SD: COVID-19: A major cause of cachexia and sarcopenia? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 11:863–865. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Madia F, Merico B, Primiano G, Cutuli SL, De Pascale G and Servidei S: Acute myopathic quadriplegia in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit. Neurology. 95:492–494. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Li YP and Reid MB: NF-kappaB mediates the protein loss induced by TNF-alpha in differentiated skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 279:R1165–R1170. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Li YP, Schwartz RJ, Waddell ID, Holloway BR and Reid MB: Skeletal muscle myocytes undergo protein loss and reactive oxygen-mediated NF-kappaB activation in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. FASEB J. 12:871–880. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cooney RN, Maish GO III, Gilpin T, Shumate ML, Lang CH and Vary TC: Mechanism of IL-1 induced inhibition of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Shock. 11:235–241. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Shakoory B, Carcillo JA, Chatham WW, Amdur RL, Zhao H, Dinarello CA, Cron RQ and Opal SM: Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome: reanalysis of a prior phase III trial. Crit Care Med. 44:275–281. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, Lavin Y, Swartz TH, Madduri D, Stock A, et al: An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 26:1636–1643. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L and Song J: Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46:846–848. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang J, Zhang H, Qiao R, Ge Q, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Tian C, Ma Q and Shen N: Thrombo-inflammatory features predicting mortality in patients with COVID-19: The FAD-85 score. J Int Med Res. 48(300060520955037)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR): The World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registered Organization Registered Platform. Available from: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=49409. | |
|
Ristimäki A, Narko K and Hla T: Down-regulation of cytokine-induced cyclo-oxygenase-2 transcript isoforms by dexamethasone: Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. Biochem J. 318:325–331. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Almawi WY and Melemedjian OK: Negative regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation and function by glucocorticoids. J Mol Endocrinol. 28:69–78. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang Z and Liu J, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Zhao Q and Liu J: The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 81:e13–e20. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gupta A and Gupta Y: Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 17:913–916. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang W, Su B, Pang L, Qiao L, Feng Y, Ouyang Y, Guo X, Shi H, Wei F, Su X, et al: High-dimensional immune profiling by mass cytometry revealed immunosuppression and dysfunction of immunity in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 17:650–652. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Ning L, Chen L, Li M, Liu Y, Wang G, et al: Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Immunol. 11(827)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ono S, Tsujimoto H, Hiraki S and Aosasa S: Mechanisms of sepsis-induced immunosuppression and immunological modification therapies for sepsis. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2:351–358. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, et al: Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 77:683–690. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yu YM, Ryan CM, Fei ZW, Lu XM, Castillo L, Schultz JT, Tompkins RG and Young VR: Plasma L-5-oxoproline kinetics and whole blood glutathione synthesis rates in severely burned adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 282:E247–E258. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, et al: Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19-final report. N Engl J Med. 383:1813–1826. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Alattar R, Ibrahim TBH, Shaar SH, Abdalla S, Shukri K, Daghfal JN, Khatib MY, Aboukamar M, Abukhattab M, Alsoub HA, et al: Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 92:2042–2049. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Alvarez JI, Dodelet-Devillers A, Kebir H, Ifergan I, Fabre PJ, Terouz S, Sabbagh M, Wosik K, Bourbonnière L, Bernard M, et al: The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence. Science. 334:1727–1731. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
De Luca G, Cavalli G, Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Angelillo P, Tomelleri A, Boffini N, Tentori S, Mette F, Farina N, et al: GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: A single-centre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2:e465–e473. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Villar J, Ferrando C, Martínez D, Ambrós A, Muñoz T, Soler JA, Aguilar G, Alba F, González-Higueras E, Conesa LA, et al: Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 8:267–276. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Stoian A, Moțățăianu A, Bărcuțean L, Maier S, Bazko Z, Voidăzan S, Fărcaș A and Bălașa R: Understandig the mechanism of action of intravenous immunoglobulins: A ten years experience in treating Guillain-Barrésyndrome. Farmacia. 68:426–435. 2020. | |
|
Khanna N, Widmer AF, Decker M, Steffen I, Halter J, Heim D, Weisser M, Gratwohl A, Fluckiger U and Hirsch HH: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients with hematological diseases: Single-center study and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 46:402–412. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Wang JT, Sheng WH, Fang CT, Chen YC, Wang JL, Yu CJ, Chang SC and Yang PC: Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of SARS patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 10:818–824. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Arabi YM, Arifi AA, Balkhy HH, Najm H, Aldawood AS, Ghabashi A, Hawa H, Alothman A, Khaldi A and Al Raiy B: Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Ann Intern Med. 160:389–397. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Brunner R, Rinner W, Haberler C, Kitzberger R, Sycha T, Herkner H, Warszawska J, Madl C and Holzinger U: Early treatment with IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin does not mitigate critical illness polyneuropathy and/or myopathy in patients with multiple organ failure and SIRS/sepsis: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. Crit Care. 17(R213)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mohr M, Englisch L, Roth A, Burchardi H and Zielmann S: Effects of early treatment with immunoglobulin on critical illness polyneuropathy following multiple organ failure and gram-negative sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 23:1144–1149. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Koch S, Wollersheim T, Bierbrauer J, Haas K, Mörgeli R, Deja M, Spies CD, Spuler S, Krebs M and Weber-Carstens S: Long-term recovery In critical illness myopathy is complete, contrary to polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 50:431–436. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Latronico N and Guarneri B: Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Minerva Anestesiol. 74:319–323. 2008.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zifko UA: Long-term outcome of critical illness polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 9:S49–S52. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, Misra VP, Kiff K, Coakley JH and Hinds CJ: Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med. 31:1012–1016. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de Sèze M, Petit H, Wiart L, Cardinaud JP, Gaujard E, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM and Barat M: Critical illness polyneuropathy. A 2-year follow-up study in 19 severe cases. Eur Neurol. 43:61–69. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kerbaul F, Brousse M, Collart F, Pellissier JF, Planche D, Fernandez C, Gouin F and Guidon C: Combination of histopathological and electromyographic patterns can help to evaluate functional outcome of critical ill patients with neuromuscular weakness syndromes. Crit Care. 8:R358–R366. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A, Tomlinson G, Diaz-Granados N, Cooper A, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, Stewart TE, et al: Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 364:1293–1304. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
McClafferty B, Umer I, Fye G, Kepko D, Kalayanamitra R, Shahid Z, Ramgobin D, Cai A, Groff A, Bhandari A, et al: Approach to critical illness myopathy and polyneuropathy in the older SARS-CoV-2 patients. J Clin Neurosci. 79:241–245. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chao CC, Chen YC, Lin YH, Chang SC and Chang YC: Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Neurol. 61:1669–1673. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, Han Y, Lin L, Ruan L and Li T: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 7(ofaa102)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T and Davidson KW: the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium. Barnaby DP, Becker LB, Chelico JD, Cohen SL, et al: Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 323:2052–2059. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chen LYC, Hoiland RL, Stukas S, Wellington CL and Sekhon MS: Confronting the controversy: Interleukin-6 and the COVID-19 cytokine storm syndrome. Eur Respir J. 56(2003006)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Shimizu M: Clinical Features of Cytokine Storm Syndrome. In: Cytokine Storm Syndrome. Cron RQ and Behrens EM (eds). Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp31-41, 2019. | |
|
Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TBR, Silva J, Sundaram M, Ellingson MK, Mao T, Oh JE, Israelow B, et al: Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 584:463–469. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Møller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D, et al: Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 181:1036–1045.e.9. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chen LYC, Hayden A and Mattman A: Extreme hyperferritinaemia, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Br J Haematol. 185:605–606. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, Damoraki G, Gkavogianni T, Adami ME, Katsaounou P, et al: Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe. 27:992–1000.e3. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, Capone M, Vanni A, Spinicci M, Mencarini J, Caporale R, Peruzzi B, Antonelli A, et al: Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest. 130:4694–4703. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, et al: Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 384:693–704. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
San-Juan D, Jiménez CR, Camilli CX, de la Cruz Reyes LA, Galindo EG, Burbano GE, Penela MM, Perassolo MB, Valdéz AT, Godoy JG, et al: Guidance for clinical neurophysiology examination throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin American chapter of the IFCN task force-COVID-19. Clin Neurophysiol. 131:1589–1598. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fan E, Cheek F, Chlan L, Gosselink R, Hart N, Herridge MS, Hopkins RO, Hough CL, Kress JP, Latronico N, et al: An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice guideline: The diagnosis of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 190:1437–1446. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Batt J, dos Santos CC, Cameron JI and Herridge MS: Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: Clinical phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187:238–246. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Z'Graggen WJ and Tankisi H: Critical illness myopathy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 37:200–204. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Stoian A, Șerban G, Bajko Z, And one S, Mosora O and Bălașa A: Therapeutic plasma exchange as a first-choice therapy for axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case-based review of the literature (Review). Exp Ther Med. 21(265)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Barreiro E: Models of disuse muscle atrophy: Therapeutic implications in critically ill patients. Ann Transl Med. 6(29)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Batt J, Herridge M and Dos Santos C: Mechanism of ICU-acquired weakness: Skeletal muscle loss in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 43:1844–1846. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Parotto M, Batt J and Herridge M: The pathophysiology of neuromuscular dysfunction in critical illness. Crit Care Clin. 34:549–556. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Stoian A, Moțățăianu A, Bajko Z and Bălașa A: Guillain-barré and acute transverse myelitis overlap syndrome following obstetric surgery. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures). 6:74–79. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Burch PM, Pogoryelova O, Goldstein R, Bennett D, Guglieri M, Straub V, Bushby K, Lochmüller H and Morris C: Muscle-derived proteins as serum biomarkers for monitoring disease progression in three forms of muscular dystrophy. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2:241–255. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Baird MF, Graham SM, Baker JS and Bickerstaff GF: Creatine-kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J Nutr Metab. 2012(960363)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kim EY, Lee JW, Suh MR, Choi WA, Kang SW and Oh HJ: Correlation of serum creatine kinase level with pulmonary function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Rehabil Med. 41:306–312. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tabarsi P, Barati S, Jamaati H, Haseli S, Marjani M, Moniri A, Abtahian Z, Dastan A, Yousefian S, Eskandari R, et al: Evaluating the effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) on the management of severe COVID-19 cases: A randomized controlled trial. Int Immunopharmacol. 90(107205)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Jain A, Deval N and Paul L: A recovered case of COVID-19 myocarditis treated with IV immunoglobulin. Chest. 158(A281)2020. | |
|
Galeotti C, Kaveri SV and Bayry J: IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Int Immunol. 29:491–498. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hartung HP: Advances in the understanding of the mechanism of action of IVIg. J Neurol. 255 (Suppl 3):3–6. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lai ST: Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 24:583–591. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Balasa R: Therapeutic plasma exchange: An indispensable therapy for severe neurological condition. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures). 6:89–90. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hung IFN, To KKW, Lee CK, Lee KL, Yan WW, Chan K, Chan WM, Ngai CW, Law KI, Chow FL, et al: Hyperimmune IV immunoglobulin treatment: A multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial for patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection. Chest. 144:464–473. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Nguyen AA, Habiballah SB, Platt CD, Geha RS, Chou JS and McDonald DR: Immunoglobulins in the treatment of COVID-19 infection: Proceed with caution! Clin. Immunol. 216(108459)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Xie Y, Cao S, Dong H, Li Q, Chen E, Zhang W, Yang L, Fu S and Wang R: Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 81:318–356. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Reynaga E, Carrillo J, Santos JR, Roure S, Mateu L, Paredes R, Clotet B, Izquierdo-Useros N and Pedro-Botet ML: Outcome of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with high-dose immunoglobulin therapy in a prospective case series. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27:651–652. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Busani S, Damiani E, Cavazzuti I, Donati A and Girardis M: Intravenous immunoglobulin in septic shock: Review of the mechanisms of action and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness. Minerva Anestesiol. 82:559–572. 2016.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Schwab I and Nimmerjahn F: Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: How does IgG modulate the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol. 13:176–189. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Davey RT Jr, Fernández-Cruz E, Markowitz N, Pett S, Babiker AG, Wentworth D, Khurana S, Engen N, Gordin F, Jain MK, et al: Anti-influenza hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin for adults with influenza A or B infection (FLU-IVIG): A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 7:951–963. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, Moschos SA, Tsoukalas D, Goumenou M, Drakoulis N, et al: A new threat from an old enemy: Re-emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med. 45:1631–1643. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Calina D, Docea AO, Petrakis D, Egorov AM, Ishmukhametov AA, Gabibov AG, Shtilman MI, Kostoff R, Carvalho F, Vinceti M, et al: Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review). Int J Mol Med. 46:3–16. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar |
