Open Access

Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor‑15 in brain disorders (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Wei-Wei Jiang
    • Zi-Zhen Zhang
    • Ping-Ping He
    • Li-Ping Jiang
    • Jin-Zhi Chen
    • Xing-Ting Zhang
    • Mi Hu
    • Yang-Kai Zhang
    • Xin-Ping Ouyang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: September 7, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10705
  • Article Number: 1270
  • Copyright: © Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and cerebral stroke, are an important contributor to mortality and disability worldwide, where their pathogenesis is currently a topic of intense research. The mechanisms underlying the development of brain disorders are complex and vary widely, including aberrant protein aggregation, ischemic cell necrosis and neuronal dysfunction. Previous studies have found that the expression and function of growth differentiation factor‑15 (GDF15) is closely associated with the incidence of brain disorders. GDF15 is a member of the TGFβ superfamily, which is a dimer‑structured stress‑response protein. The expression of GDF15 is regulated by a number of proteins upstream, including p53, early growth response‑1, non‑coding RNAs and hormones. In particular, GDF15 has been reported to serve an important role in regulating angiogenesis, apoptosis, lipid metabolism and inflammation. For example, GDF15 can promote angiogenesis by promoting the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, apoptosis of prostate cancer cells and fat metabolism in fasted mice, and GDF15 can decrease the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide‑treated mice. The present article reviews the structure and biosynthesis of GDF15, in addition to the possible roles of GDF15 in Alzheimer's disease, cerebral stroke and Parkinson's disease. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the mechanism underlying the role of GDF15 in various brain disorders, which hopes to provide evidence and guide the prevention and treatment of these debilitating conditions.
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November-2021
Volume 22 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Jiang W, Zhang Z, He P, Jiang L, Chen J, Zhang X, Hu M, Zhang Y and Ouyang X: Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor‑15 in brain disorders (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 1270, 2021
APA
Jiang, W., Zhang, Z., He, P., Jiang, L., Chen, J., Zhang, X. ... Ouyang, X. (2021). Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor‑15 in brain disorders (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 1270. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10705
MLA
Jiang, W., Zhang, Z., He, P., Jiang, L., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Hu, M., Zhang, Y., Ouyang, X."Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor‑15 in brain disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.5 (2021): 1270.
Chicago
Jiang, W., Zhang, Z., He, P., Jiang, L., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Hu, M., Zhang, Y., Ouyang, X."Emerging roles of growth differentiation factor‑15 in brain disorders (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 5 (2021): 1270. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10705