Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
November-2021 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2021 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Vlad Pop
    • Andrada Parvu
    • Alexandra Craciun
    • Anca Daniela Farcas
    • Gheorghe Tomoaia
    • Anca Bojan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Hematology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj‑Napoca, Romania, Medical Biochemistry Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj‑Napoca, Romania, Internal Medicine Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj‑Napoca, Romania, Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400132 Cluj‑Napoca, Romania
  • Article Number: 1329
    |
    Published online on: September 20, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10764
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow neoplasia with increasing incidence compared to previous years. Although new therapeutic molecules have been introduced, it remains an incurable disease with severe repercussions to patients. For many patients, bone disease represents a severe problem often causing pain, pathological bone fractures, and spinal cord compression, which affects the quality of life. This article analyzes the main markers of bone destruction in MM as well as risk factors for severe bone damage. Bone complications have a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with MM, along with other associated complications (renal failure, hypogammaglobulinemia, osteolytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, anemia). The markers of bone destruction described in this article include: interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‑Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), amino‑ and carboxy‑terminal cross‑linking telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX, CTX), human bone sialoprotein (BSP) and dickkopf‑1 secreted glycoprotein (DKK1). The future practical applicability of this literature review would be the large‑scale determination of markers of bone destruction that correlate with the negative evolution to complications of bone disease or the implications that these markers have in regards to treatment.
View Figures
View References

1 

Mohan M, Kumar M, Samant R, Van Hemert R Jr, Tian E, Desai S, van Rhee F, Thanendrarajan S, Schinke C, Suva LJ, et al: Bone remineralization of lytic lesions in multiple myeloma-the Arkansas experience. Bone. 146(115876)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Martino A, Buda G, Maggini V, Lapi F, Lupia A, Di Bello D, Orciuolo E, Galimberti S, Barale R, Petrini M and Rossi AM: Could age modify the effect of genetic variants in IL6 and TNF-α genes in multiple myeloma? Leuk Res. 36:594–597. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Clay-Gilmour AI, Hildebrandt MAT, Brown EE, Hofmann JN, Spinelli JJ, Giles GG, Cozen W, Bhatti P, Wu X, Waller RG, et al: Coinherited genetics of multiple myeloma and its precursor, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood Adv. 4:2789–2797. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Gaudio A, Xourafa A, Rapisarda R, Zanoli L, Signorelli SS and Castellino P: Hematological diseases and osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci. 21(3538)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Auzina D, Erts R and Lejniece S: Prognostic value of the bone turnover markers in multiple myeloma. Exp Oncol. 39:53–56. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Terpos E, Christoulas D and Gavriatopoulou M: Biology and treatment of myeloma related bone disease. Metabolism. 80:80–90. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Łacina P, Butrym A, Humiński M, Dratwa M, Frontkiewicz D, Mazur G and Bogunia-Kubik K: Association of RANK and RANKL gene polymorphism with survival and calcium levels in multiple myeloma. Mol Carcinog. 60:106–112. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Westhrin M, Kovcic V, Zhang Z, Moen SH, Nedal TMV, Bondt A, Holst S, Misund K, Buene G, Sundan A, et al: Monoclonal immunoglobulins promote bone loss in multiple myeloma. Blood. 136:2656–2666. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Tanimoto K, Hiasa M, Tenshin H, Teramachi J, Oda A, Harada T, Ashtar M, Sogabe K, Oura M, Endo I, et al: Mechanical unloading enhances bone destruction and tumor expansion in multiple myeloma: Critical roles of osteocytic RANKL induction. Bone Rep. 13(100425)2020.

10 

Annibali O, Petrucci MT, Santini D, Bongarzoni V, Russano M, Pisani F, Venditti O, Pantano F, Rago A, Siniscalchi A, et al: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in multiple myeloma and solid cancers with bone lesions: Is there any difference? J Bone Oncol. 26(100338)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Diaz-delCastillo M, Chantry AD, Lawson MA and Heegaard AM: Multiple myeloma-a painful disease of the bone marrow. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 12:49–58. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Gu J, Huang X, Zhang Y, Bao C, Zhou Z and Jin J: Cytokine profiles in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: Survival is associated with IL-6 and IL-17A levels. Cytokine. 138(155358)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Toscani D, Bolzoni M, Ferretti M, Palumbo C and Giuliani N: Role of osteocytes in myeloma bone disease: Anti-sclerostin antibody as new therapeutic strategy. Front Immunol. 9(2467)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Çetin G, Eşkazan AE, Ar MC, Aydın ŞÖ, Ferhanoğlu B, Soysal T, Başlar Z and Aydın Y: Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels among patients with multiple myeloma receiving various therapy options. Turk J Haematol. 31:374–380. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Nizet A, Cavalier E, Stenvinkel P, Haarhaus M and Magnusson P: Bone alkaline phosphatase: An important biomarker in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Clin Chim Acta. 501:198–206. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Jasrotia S, Gupta R, Sharma A, Halder A and Kumar L: Cytokine profile in multiple myeloma. Cytokine. 136(155271)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Burger R, Günther A, Klausz K, Staudinger M, Peipp M, Penas EM, Rose-John S, Wijdenes J and Gramatzki M: Due to interleukin-6 type cytokine redundancy only glycoprotein 130 receptor blockade efficiently inhibits myeloma growth. Haematologica. 102:381–390. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Vainer N, Dehlendorff C and Johansen JS: Systematic literature review of IL-6 as a biomarker or treatment target in patients with gastric, bile duct, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 9:29820–29841. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Trigo FM, Luizon MR, Dutra HS, Maiolino A, Nucci M and Simões BP: Interaction between IL-6 and TNF-α genotypes associated with bacteremia in multiple myeloma patients submitted to autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Leuk Res Rep. 3:76–78. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Wu XY, Tian F, Su MH, Wu M, Huang Y, Hu LH, Jin L and Zhu XJ: BF211, a derivative of bufalin, enhances the cytocidal effects in multiple myeloma cells by inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 64:24–32. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Matthes T, Manfroi B and Huard B: Revisiting IL-6 antagonism in multiple myeloma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 105:1–4. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Ameri Z, Ghiasi S, Farsinejad A, Hassanshahi G, Ehsan M and Fatemi A: Telomerase inhibitor MST-312 induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic, proliferative and inflammatory genes. Life Sci. 228:66–71. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Harmer D, Falank C and Reagan MR: Interleukin-6 interweaves the bone marrow microenvironment, bone loss, and multiple myeloma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 9(788)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Mahdavi Sharif P, Jabbari P, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M and Rezaei N: Importance of TNF-alpha and its alterations in the development of cancers. Cytokine. 130(155066)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Lemancewicz D, Bolkun L, Jablonska E, Kulczynska A, Bolkun-Skornicka U, Kloczko J and Dzieciol J: Evaluation of TNF superfamily molecules in multiple myeloma patients: Correlation with biological and clinical features. Leuk Res. 37:1089–1093. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Kovacs-Benke E: Monitoring disease status in multiple myeloma in view of proliferation-leading cytokines. Cancer Immunol Res. 2(1010)2017.

27 

Li A, Sun K, Wang J, Wang S, Zhao X, Liu R and Lu Y: Recombinant expression, purification and characterization of human soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Protein Expr Purif. 182(105857)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Hong Y, Yu J, Wang G and Qiao W: Association between tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphisms and multiple myeloma risk: An updated meta-analysis. Hematology. 24:216–224. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

D'Souza C, Prince H and Neeson P: Understanding the role of T-cells in the antimyeloma effect of immunomodulatory drugs. Front Immunol. 12(632399)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Børset M, Sundan A, Waage A and Standal T: Why do myeloma patients have bone disease? A historical perspective. Blood Rev. 41(100646)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Kleber M, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Dimopoulos MA and Terpos E: Monoclonal antibodies against RANKL and sclerostin for myeloma-related bone disease: Can they change the standard of care? Expert Rev Hematol. 12:651–663. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Marino S and Roodman GD: Multiple myeloma and bone: The fatal interaction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 8(a031286)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Abramson HN: Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of multiple myeloma: An update. Int J Mol Sci. 19(3924)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Terpos E, Raje N, Croucher P, Garcia-Sanz R, Leleu X, Pasteiner W, Wang Y, Glennane A, Canon J and Pawlyn C: Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid on PFS in multiple myeloma: Exploratory results of an international phase 3 study. Blood Adv. 5:725–736. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I and Dimopoulos M: Myeloma bone disease: From biology findings to treatment approaches. Blood. 133:1534–1539. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Chubb SAP and Vasikaran SD: Measurement and clinical utility of βCTX in serum and plasma. Adv Clin Chem. 81:97–134. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Shetty S, Kapoor N, Bondu JD, Thomas N and Paul TV: Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 20:846–852. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Ting KR, Brady JJ, Hameed A, Le G, Meiller J, Verburgh E, Bayers C, Benjamin D, Anderson KC, Richardson PG, et al: Clinical utility of C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 173:82–88. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Lorentzon M, Branco J, Brandi ML, Bruyère O, Chapurlat R, Cooper C, Cortet B, Diez-Perez A, Ferrari S, Gasparik A, et al: Algorithm for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the diagnosis, assessment and follow-up of treatment for osteoporosis. Adv Ther. 36:2811–2824. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Vallet S, Hoyle NR, Kyle RA, Podar K and Pecherstorfer M: A role for bone turnover markers β-CrossLaps (CTX) and amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) as potential indicators for disease progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 59:2431–2438. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Tian A, Ma J, Feng K, Liu Z, Chen L, Jia H and Ma X: Reference markers of bone turnover for prediction of fracture: A meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 14(68)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA, Sezer O, Roodman D, Abildgaard N, Vescio R, Tosi P, Garcia-Sanz R, Davies F, Chanan-Khan A, et al: The use of biochemical markers of bone remodeling in multiple myeloma: A report of the international myeloma working group. Leukemia. 24:1700–1712. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Raje N, Bhatta S and Terpos E: Role of the RANK/RANKL pathway in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 25:12–20. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Maaroufi A, Khadem-Ansari MH, Khalkhali HR and Rasmi Y: Serum levels of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and β2-microglobulin in stage I of multiple myeloma. J Cancer Res Ther. 16:98–101. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Terpos E: Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in multiple myeloma. Cancer Treat Rev. 32 (Suppl 1):S15–S19. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Zhou F, Meng S, Song H and Claret FX: Dickkopf-1 is a key regulator of myeloma bone disease: Opportunities and challenges for therapeutic intervention. Blood Rev. 27:261–267. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pop V, Parvu A, Craciun A, Farcas AD, Tomoaia G and Bojan A: Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 1329, 2021.
APA
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A.D., Tomoaia, G., & Bojan, A. (2021). Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10764
MLA
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A. D., Tomoaia, G., Bojan, A."Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.5 (2021): 1329.
Chicago
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A. D., Tomoaia, G., Bojan, A."Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 5 (2021): 1329. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10764
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pop V, Parvu A, Craciun A, Farcas AD, Tomoaia G and Bojan A: Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 1329, 2021.
APA
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A.D., Tomoaia, G., & Bojan, A. (2021). Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10764
MLA
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A. D., Tomoaia, G., Bojan, A."Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.5 (2021): 1329.
Chicago
Pop, V., Parvu, A., Craciun, A., Farcas, A. D., Tomoaia, G., Bojan, A."Modern markers for evaluating bone disease in multiple myeloma (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 5 (2021): 1329. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10764
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team