Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 22 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2021 Volume 22 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides in vitro and in vivo

  • Authors:
    • Wei Tao
    • Ting Fu
    • Zhuo-Jing He
    • Han-Peng Zhou
    • Yan Hong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 1405
    |
    Published online on: October 4, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10841
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Radix isatidis (R. isatidis) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used for thousands of years in China and is believed to have the pharmacological properties of heat‑clearing and detoxification. Heat‑clearing and detoxification are theories of traditional Chinese medicine meaning that R. isatidis could treat febrile disease by clearing heat and reducing swelling. Polysaccharides isolated from R. isatidis by water extraction and alcohol precipitation have exhibited numerous biological activities, including antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. The present study was performed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of water‑soluble R. isatidis polysaccharides (RIPs) on RAW264.7 macrophages and murine splenocytes, and attempt to preliminarily identify the mechanism of immunomodulation. In vitro, RIPs had a low cytotoxicity, as shown by CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. RAW264.7 cells treated with different concentrations of RIP displayed different morphological changes, from a round shape and aggregation to polygonal shape and dispersion in a dose‑dependent manner. In the 5 mg/ml RIP‑treated group, the changes of morphology were as same as the lipopolysaccharide‑treated group. RIP also significantly enhanced the release of nitric oxide as shown by Griess method, and the secretion of TNF‑α and IL‑6 in RAW264.7 cells was confirmed by ELISA assay. Western blotting revealed a significant increase of toll‑like receptor‑4 (TLR‑4) in RIP‑treated RAW264.7, suggesting that TLR‑4 may be associated with the immunomodulatory mechanism of RIP. Animal experiments also demonstrated through ELISA assays a significant increase in IFN‑γ and IL‑10 levels after the splenocytes of RIP‑immunized mice were stimulated by inactivated herpes simplex virus type 2. The immune function of RIP‑immunized mice was improved. The present study suggested that RIP could be potentially used as a novel immunomodulator.
View Figures
View References

1 

Tzianabos AO: Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev. 13:523–533. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Murray HW: Current and future clinical applications of interferon-gamma in host antimicrobial defense. Intensive Care Med. 22 (Suppl 4):S456–S461. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Nemunaitis J: A comparative review of colony-stimulating factors. Drugs. 54:709–729. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Hamilton JA and Anderson GP: GM-CSF biology. Growth Factors. 22:225–231. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Singh N and Bhattacharyya D: Collagenases in an ether extract of bacterial metabolites used as an immunostimulator induces TNF-α and IFN-γ. Int Immunopharmacol. 23:211–221. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Wasser SP: Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 60:258–274. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Li XY: Immunomodulating Chinese herbal medicines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 86 (Suppl 2):S159–S164. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Wei W, Xiao HT, Bao WR, Ma DL, Leung CH, Han XQ, Ko CH, Lau CB, Wong CK, Fung KP, et al: TLR-4 may mediate signaling pathways of Astragalus polysaccharide RAP induced cytokine expression of RAW264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 179:243–252. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Hou C, Chen L, Yang L and Ji X: An insight into anti-inflammatory effects of natural polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 153:248–255. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Chen X, Han W, Wang G and Zhao X: Application prospect of polysaccharides in the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs and vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol. 164:331–343. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Cai Z, Li W, Wang H, Yan W, Zhou Y, Wang G, Cui J and Wang F: Anti-tumor and immunomodulating activities of a polysaccharide from the root of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Int J Biol Macromol. 51:484–488. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Yu Y, Shen M, Song Q and Xie J: Biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide from natural resources: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 183:91–101. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Zhou W and Zhang XY: Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine Radix isatidis (banlangen). Am J Chin Med. 41:743–764. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Sun B, Yu S, Zhao D, Guo S, Wang X and Zhao K: Polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine. 36:5226–5234. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Li Z, Li L, Zhou H, Zeng L, Chen T, Chen Q, Zhou B, Wang Y, Chen Q, Hu P and Yang Z: Radix isatidis polysaccharides inhibit influenza a virus and influenza A virus-induced inflammation via suppression of host TLR3 signaling in vitro. Molecules. 22(116)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Wei ZY, Wang XB, Zhang HY, Yang CH, Wang YB, Xu DH, Chen HY and Cui BA: Inhibitory effects of indigowoad root polysaccharides on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in vitro. Antivir Ther. 16:357–363. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Wang T, Wang X, Zhuo Y, Si C, Yang L, Meng L and Zhu B: Antiviral activity of a polysaccharide from Radix isatidis (Isatis indigotica Fortune) against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro via activation of JAK/STAT signal pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 257(112782)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Liao HF, Lu MC, Chang HC, Wei CC, Kao CH, Chen ZH, Huang CC and Li C: Effects of herbal medicinal formulas on suppressing viral replication and modulating immune responses. Am J Chin Med. 38:173–190. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Zhao YL, Wang JB, Shan LM, Jin C, Ma L and Xiao XH: Effect of Radix isatidis polysaccharides on immunological function and expression of immune related cytokines in mice. Chin J Integr Med. 14:207–211. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Ma L, Feng SH, Tang JY, Zhao YL and Xiao XH: Influence of Radix isatidis polysaccharides produced by different preparation technologies on proliferation function of mouse splenic lymphocyte. China Pharm (Chin). 18:169–171. 2007.

21 

Wang X, Chen Z, Chen T, Li X, Huang S, Wang H, Tong C and Liu F: Isatis root polysaccharide promotes maturation and secretory function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. BMC Complement Med Ther. 20(301)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Du Z, Liu H, Zhang Z and Li P: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Radix isatidis polysaccharide in murine alveolar macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol. 58:329–335. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Lian ZY, Hou JS, Sun GR, Zhao BS and Xin GH: Radix isatidis polysaccharide enhances killing effect of NK cells on esophageal cancer cells by promoting expression of NKG2D ligand and its mechanism. Chin J Immunol. 36:965–970. 2020.

24 

Li JP, Zhu GH, Yuan Y and Liu MX: Anti-tumor and immune function regulation effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides in vivo. Nat Prod Res Dev. 29:2010–2016. 2017.

25 

Shan J, Sun G, Ren J, Zhu T, Jia P, Qu W, Li Q, Wu J, Ma H, Wen S and Wang Y: An α-glucan isolated from root of Isatis indigotica, its structure and adjuvant activity. Glycoconj J. 31:317–326. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Zhang W, Zheng X, Cheng N, Gai W, Xue X, Wang Y, Gao Y, Shan J, Yang S and Xia X: Isatis indigotica root polysaccharides as adjuvants for an inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Int J Biol Macromol. 87:7–15. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Zhou HP, Tao W, Fu T, He ZJ and Hong Y: Influence of isatis root polysaccharide on immune effect of herpes simplex virus type-2 DNA vaccine. Chin J Biol. 33:609–613. 2020.(In Chinese).

28 

Lim KH and Staudt LM: Toll-like receptor signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 5(a011247)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Yang X, Zhao Y, Wang H and Mei Q: Macrophage activation by an acidic polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) diels. J Biochem Mol Biol. 40:636–643. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Masuko T, Minami A, Iwasaki N, Majima T, Nishimura S and Lee YC: Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format. Anal Biochem. 339:69–72. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Zhu H, Ding X, Hou Y, Li Y and Wang M: Structure elucidation and bioactivities of a new polysaccharide from Xiaojin boletus speciosus frost. Int J Biol Macromol. 126:697–716. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lilley E, Andrews MR, Bradbury EJ, Elliott H, Hawkins P, Ichiyama RM, Keeley J, Michael-Titus AT, Moon LDF, Pluchino S, et al: Refining rodent models of spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 328(113273)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Gao B, Li L, Zhu P, Zhang M, Hou L, Sun Y, Liu X, Peng X and Gu Y: Chronic administration of methamphetamine promotes atherosclerosis formation in ApoE-/- knockout mice fed normal diet. Atherosclerosis. 243:268–277. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Wynn TA and Vannella KM: Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 44:450–462. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Lee JS, Kwon DS, Lee KR, Park JM, Ha SJ and Hong EK: Mechanism of macrophage activation induced by polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris culture broth. Carbohydr Polym. 120:29–37. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Yang F, Li X, Yang Y, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Wang F, Li H and Wang G: A polysaccharide isolated from the fruits of physalis alkekengi L. induces RAW264.7 macrophages activation via TLR2 and TLR4-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol. 140:895–906. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Liu X, Xie J, Jia S, Huang L, Wang Z, Li C and Xie M: Immunomodulatory effects of an acetylated cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide on murine macrophages RAW264.7. Int J Biol Macromol. 98:576–581. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Zheng P, Fan W, Wang S, Hao P, Wang Y, Wan H, Hao Z, Liu J and Zhao X: Characterization of polysaccharides extracted from platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. affecting activation of chicken peritoneal macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol. 96:775–785. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Zhang M, Tian X, Wang Y, Wang D, Li W, Chen L, Pan W, Mehmood S and Chen Y: Immunomodulating activity of the polysaccharide TLH-3 from Tricholomalobayense in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol. 107:2679–2685. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Škrnjug I, Guzmán CA and Rueckert C: Cyclic GMP-AMP displays mucosal adjuvant activity in mice. PLoS One. 9(e110150)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Ning H, Zhang W, Kang J, Ding T, Liang X, Lu Y, Guo C, Sun W, Wang H, Bai Y and Shen L: Subunit vaccine ESAT-6:c-di-AMP delivered by intranasal route elicits immune responses and protects against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 11(647220)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Schroder K, Hertzog PJ, Ravasi T and Hume DA: Interferon-gamma: An overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J Leukoc Biol. 75:163–189. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Levy Y and Brouet JC: Interleukin-10 prevents spontaneous death of germinal center B cells by induction of the bcl-2 protein. J Clin Invest. 93:424–428. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Rousset F, Garcia E, Defrance T, Péronne C, Vezzio N, Hsu DH, Kastelein R, Moore KW and Banchereau J: Interleukin 10 is a potent growth and differentiation factor for activated human B lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1890–1893. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Rousset F, Peyrol S, Garcia E, Vezzio N, Andujar M, Grimaud JA and Banchereau J: Long-term cultured CD40-activated B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells in response to IL-10 but not IL-4. Int Immunol. 7:1243–1253. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Wang X, Wong K, Ouyang W and Rutz S: Targeting IL-10 family cytokines for the treatment of human diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 11(a028548)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Mazer M, Unsinger J, Drewry A, Walton A, Osborne D, Blood T, Hotchkiss R and Remy KE: IL-10 has differential effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems of septic patients. J Immunol. 203:2088–2099. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Davinelli S, Melvang HM, Andersen LP, Scapagnini G and Nielsen ME: Astaxanthin from shrimp cephalothorax stimulates the immune response by enhancing IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-2 secretion in splenocytes of helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Mar Drugs. 17(382)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Lin HY, Juan SH, Shen SC, Hsu FL and Chen YC: Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by flavonoids in RAW264.7 macrophages involves heme oxygenase-1. Biochem Pharmacol. 66:1821–32. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Means TK, Lien E, Yoshimura A, Wang S, Golenbock DT and Fenton MJ: The CD14 ligands lipoarabinomannan and lipopolysaccharide differ in their requirement for toll-like receptors. J Immunol. 163:6748–6755. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Pi J, Li T, Liu J, Su X, Wang R, Yang F, Bai H, Jin H and Cai J: Detection of lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages using atomic force microscope. Micron. 65:1–9. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Yin M, Zhang Y and Li H: Advances in research on immunoregulation of macrophages by plant polysaccharides. Front Immunol. 10(145)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tao W, Fu T, He Z, Zhou H and Hong Y: Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Exp Ther Med 22: 1405, 2021.
APA
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., & Hong, Y. (2021). Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10841
MLA
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., Hong, Y."Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.6 (2021): 1405.
Chicago
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., Hong, Y."Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 6 (2021): 1405. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10841
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tao W, Fu T, He Z, Zhou H and Hong Y: Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Exp Ther Med 22: 1405, 2021.
APA
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., & Hong, Y. (2021). Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10841
MLA
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., Hong, Y."Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.6 (2021): 1405.
Chicago
Tao, W., Fu, T., He, Z., Zhou, H., Hong, Y."Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 6 (2021): 1405. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10841
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team