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Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Elena Niculet
    • Mihaela Craescu
    • Laura Rebegea
    • Carmen Bobeica
    • Florentina Nastase
    • Gabriela Lupasteanu
    • Daniela Jicman Stan
    • Valentin Chioncel
    • Lucretia Anghel
    • Mihaela Lungu
    • Alin Laurentiu Tatu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galați, Romania, Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galati, Romania, Department of Clinical Radiotherapy, ‘Sfantul Apostol Andrei’ Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania, Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University of Galați, 800010 Galați, Romania, Department of Neuropsychomotor Rehabilitation, ‘Sf. Ioan’ Clinical Hospital for Children, 800487 Galați, Romania, Department of Infectious Diseases, ‘Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva’ Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galați, Romania, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ‘Sfantul Apostol Andrei’ Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania, Department of Cardio‑Thoracic Pathology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800010 Galați, Romania
    Copyright: © Niculet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 60
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    Published online on: November 18, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10982
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Abstract

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, involving the skin. It is also part of keratinocyte carcinomas, alongside its squamous counterpart. It has low mortality and extremely low metastatic rates (although when present, it indicates a poor patient prognosis); it also has a high morbidity rate through local destruction and recurrence, particularly when perineural invasion is observed, clinically or histopathologically. BCC development is the result of environmental and patient factors, with genetics and ultraviolet radiation playing major roles. The clinical and histopathological aspects vary according to tumor subtype, being classified as high‑risk tumors (nodular, superficial, pigmented and infundibulocystic BCC with adnexal differentiation) and fibroepithelial subtypes, or as high‑risk tumors (micronodular, infiltrating, sclerosing/morphoeic and basosquamous subtype or the type with sarcomatoid differentiation). Dermoscopy is now complimented by novel in vivo diagnostic tools (optical coherence tomography, reflectance confocal microscopy, high‑resolution ultrasonography, Raman spectroscopy or terahertz pulse imaging), improving the diagnostic accuracy and providing tumor depth and lateral margins without the use of invasive techniques. Novel treatment approaches for the treatment of BCC have recently been investigated with the use of hedgehog pathway inhibitors, such as Vismodegib. These approaches aim for complete resolution, minimal side‑effects, high patient satisfaction with the optimal cosmetic results, particularly in key areas, such as the face. The present review article summarizes and discusses the comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects of BCC, and presents novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches that have been identified.
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Spandidos Publications style
Niculet E, Craescu M, Rebegea L, Bobeica C, Nastase F, Lupasteanu G, Stan DJ, Chioncel V, Anghel L, Lungu M, Lungu M, et al: Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 60, 2022.
APA
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G. ... Tatu, A.L. (2022). Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10982
MLA
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G., Stan, D. J., Chioncel, V., Anghel, L., Lungu, M., Tatu, A. L."Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.1 (2022): 60.
Chicago
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G., Stan, D. J., Chioncel, V., Anghel, L., Lungu, M., Tatu, A. L."Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 1 (2022): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10982
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Spandidos Publications style
Niculet E, Craescu M, Rebegea L, Bobeica C, Nastase F, Lupasteanu G, Stan DJ, Chioncel V, Anghel L, Lungu M, Lungu M, et al: Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 60, 2022.
APA
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G. ... Tatu, A.L. (2022). Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10982
MLA
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G., Stan, D. J., Chioncel, V., Anghel, L., Lungu, M., Tatu, A. L."Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.1 (2022): 60.
Chicago
Niculet, E., Craescu, M., Rebegea, L., Bobeica, C., Nastase, F., Lupasteanu, G., Stan, D. J., Chioncel, V., Anghel, L., Lungu, M., Tatu, A. L."Basal cell carcinoma: Comprehensive clinical and histopathological aspects, novel imaging tools and therapeutic approaches (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 1 (2022): 60. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10982
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