Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2022 Volume 23 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2022 Volume 23 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Vasiliki Efstathiou
    • Maria-Ioanna Stefanou
    • Marina Demetriou
    • Nikolaos Siafakas
    • Michael Makris
    • Georgios Tsivgoulis
    • Vassilios Zoumpourlis
    • Stylianos P. Kympouropoulos
    • James N. Tsoporis
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Nikolaos Smyrnis
    • Emmanouil Rizos
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Second Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece, Second Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece, Allergy Unit, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Attikon’ University General Hospital, Athens 12462, Greece, Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), Athens 11635, Greece, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
    Copyright: © Efstathiou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 363
    |
    Published online on: April 1, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11290
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

There is accumulating evidence in the literature indicating that a number of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) may experience a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms, persisting or even presenting following the resolution of acute COVID‑19. Among the neuropsychiatric manifestations more frequently associated with ‘long COVID’ are depression, anxiety, post‑traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, fatigue and cognitive deficits, that can potentially be debilitating and negatively affect patients' wellbeing, albeit in the majority of cases symptoms tend to improve over time. Despite variations in results obtained from studies using different methodological approaches to define ‘long COVID’ syndrome, the most widely accepted factors associated with a higher risk of developing neuropsychiatric manifestations include the severity of foregoing COVID‑19, the female sex, the presence of comorbidities, a history of mental health disease and an elevation in the levels of inflammatory markers, albeit further research is required to establish causal associations. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in neuropsychiatric manifestations of ‘long COVID’ remain only partially elucidated, while the role of the indirect effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic, such as social isolation and uncertainty concerning social, financial and health recovery post‑COVID, have also been highlighted. Given the alarming effects of ‘long‑COVID’, interdisciplinary cooperation for the early identification of patients who are at a high risk of persistent neuropsychiatric presentations, beyond COVID‑19 recovery, is crucial to ensure that appropriate integrated physical and mental health support is provided, with the aim of mitigating the risks of long‑term disability at a societal and individual level.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N, Khan M, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C and Agha R: World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg. 76:71–76. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Leaune E, Samuel M, Oh H, Poulet E and Brunelin J: Suicidal behaviors and ideation during emerging viral disease outbreaks before the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic rapid review. Prev Med. 141(106264)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Kahil K, Cheaito MA, El Hayek R, Nofal M, El Halabi S, Kudva KG, Pereira-Sanchez V and El Hayek S: Suicide during COVID-19 and other major international respiratory outbreaks: A systematic review. Asian J Psychiatr. 56(102509)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Zoumpourlis V, Goulielmaki M, Rizos E, Baliou S and Spandidos DA: [Comment] The COVID-19 pandemic as a scientific and social challenge in the 21st century. Mol Med Rep. 22:3035–3048. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Efstathiou V, Stefanou MI, Siafakas N, Makris M, Tsivgoulis G, Zoumpourlis V, Spandidos DA, Smyrnis N and Rizos E: Suicidality and COVID-19: Suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors and completed suicides amidst the COVID-19 pandemic (Review). Exp Ther Med. 23(107)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tsamakis K, Tsiptsios D, Ouranidis A, Mueller C, Schizas D, Terniotis C, Nikolakakis N, Tyros G, Kympouropoulos S, Lazaris A, et al: COVID-19 and its consequences on mental health (Review). Exp Ther Med. 21(244)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Tsamakis K, Triantafyllis AS, Tsiptsios D, Spartalis E, Mueller C, Tsamakis C, Chaidou S, Spandidos DA, Fotis L, Economou M and Rizos E: COVID-19 related stress exacerbates common physical and mental pathologies and affects treatment (Review). Exp Ther Med. 20:159–162. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Han Y, Yuan K, Wang Z, Liu WJ, Lu ZA, Liu L, Shi L, Yan W, Yuan JL, Li JL, et al: Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, potential neurotropic mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions. Transl Psychiatry. 11(499)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, Van Laethem Y, Cabaraux P, Mat Q, Huet K, Plzak J, Horoi M, Hans S, et al: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. 288:335–344. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, Kneen R, Defres S, Sejvar J and Solomon T: Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 19:767–783. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, Davies NWS, Pollak TA, Tenorio EL, Sultan M, Easton A, Breen G, Zandi M, et al: Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: A UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 7:875–882. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, Collange O, Boulay C, Fafi-Kremer S and Ohana M: Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 382:2268–2270. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Iltaf S Sr, Fatima M, Salman S Sr, Salam JU and Abbas S: Frequency of neurological presentations of coronavirus disease in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. Cureus. 12(e9846)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, et al: Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 77:683–690. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Fan S, Xiao M, Han F, Xia P, Bai X, Chen H, Zhang H, Ding X, Zhao H, Zhao J, et al: Neurological manifestations in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A retrospective study. Front Neurol. 11(806)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Xiong W, Mu J, Guo J, Lu L, Liu D, Luo J, Li N, Liu J, Yang D and Gao H: New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 in 3 regions in China. Neurology. 95:e1479–e1487. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Frontera JA, Sabadia S, Lalchan R, Fang T, Flusty B, Millar-Vernetti P, Snyder T, Berger S, Yang D, Granger A, et al: A prospective study of neurologic disorders in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in New York City. Neurology. 96:e575–e586. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Wu X and Xiang YT: Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med. 51:1052–1053. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Hu Y, Chen Y, Zheng Y, You C, Tan J, Hu L, Zhang Z and Ding L: Factors related to mental health of inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Brain Behav Immun. 89:587–593. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Schou TM, Joca S, Wegener G and Bay-Richter C: Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun. 97:328–348. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Michelen M, Manoharan L, Elkheir N, Cheng V, Dagens A, Hastie C, Hara M, Suett J, Dahmash D, Bugaeva P, et al: Characterising long COVID: A living systematic review. BMJ Global Health. 6(e005427)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers. CDC, Atlanta, GA, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html. Updated July 9, 2021.

23 

Deer RR, Rock MA, Vasilevsky N, Carmody L, Rando H, Anzalone AJ, Basson MD, Bennett TD, Bergquist T, Boudreau EA, et al: Characterizing long COVID: Deep phenotype of a complex condition. EBioMedicine. 74(103722)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Brodin P: Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity. Nat Med. 27:28–33. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Stefanou MI, Palaiodimou L, Bakola E, Smyrnis N, Papadopoulou M, Paraskevas GP, Rizos E, Boutati E, Grigoriadis N, Krogias C, et al: Neurological manifestations of long-COVID syndrome: A narrative review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 13(20406223221076890)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P and Diaz JV: WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 22:e102–e107. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Rajan S, Khunti K, Alwan N, Steves C, Greenhalgh T, MacDermott N, Sagan A and McKee M: In the wake of the pandemic. Preparing for Long COVID Policy Brief. (39)2021.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML and Florencio LL: Defining Post-COVID symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An integrative classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(2621)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re'em Y, Redfield S, Austin JP and Akrami A: Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine. 38(101019)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Al-Aly Z, Xie Y and Bowe B: High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 594:259–264. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A and Villapol S: More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 11(16144)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lamontagne SJ, Winters MF, Pizzagalli DA and Olmstead MC: Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Evidence of mood & cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health. 17(100347)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Jesuthasan A, Massey F, Manji H, Zandi MS and Wiethoff S: Emerging potential mechanisms and predispositions to the neurological manifestations of COVID-19. J Neurol Sci. 428(117608)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Dąbrowska E, Galińska-Skok B and Waszkiewicz N: Depressive and neurocognitive disorders in the context of the inflammatory background of COVID-19. Life (Basel). 11(1056)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Flores G: SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) has neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties. Int J Clin Pract. 75(e13708)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Huang L, Yao Q, Gu X, Wang Q, Ren L, Wang Y, Hu P, Guo L, Liu M, Xu J, et al: 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 398:747–758. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Lagadinou M, Kostopoulou E, Karatza A, Marangos M and Gkentzi D: The prolonged effects of COVID-19. A New ‘Threat’? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 25:4611–4615. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Shanbehzadeh S, Tavahomi M, Zanjari N, Ebrahimi-Takamjani I and Amiri-Arimi S: Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: Scoping review. J Psychosom Res. 147(110525)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti S, Vai B, Bollettini I, Melloni EMT, Furlan R, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P, et al: Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 89:594–600. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, Magnaghi C, Poletti S, Furlan R, Ciceri F, Rovere-Querini P and Benedetti F: Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 94:138–147. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, Kang L, Guo L, Liu M, Zhou X, et al: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study. Lancet. 397:220–232. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S and Harrison PJ: 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 8:416–427. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Bourmistrova NW, Solomon T, Braude P, Strawbridge R and Carter B: Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 299:118–125. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Young AS, Klap R, Shoai R and Wells KB: Persistent depression and anxiety in the United States: Prevalence and quality of care. Psychiatr Serv. 59:1391–1398. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Renaud-Charest O, Lui LMW, Eskander S, Ceban F, Ho R, Di Vincenzo JD, Rosenblat JD, Lee Y, Subramaniapillai M and McIntyre RS: Onset and frequency of depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 144:129–137. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

De Lorenzo R, Cinel E, Cilla M, Compagnone N, Ferrante M, Falbo E, Patrizi A, Castellani J, Magnaghi C, Calvisi SL, et al: Physical and psychological sequelae at three months after acute illness in COVID-19 survivors. Panminerva Med: Jun 1, 2021 (Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.23736/S0031-0808.21.04399-8.

47 

Sykes DL, Holdsworth L, Jawad N, Gunasekera P, Morice AH and Crooks MG: Post-COVID-19 Symptom Burden: What is Long-COVID and how should we manage it? Lung. 199:113–119. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Morin L, Savale L, Pham T, Colle R, Figueiredo S, Harrois A, Gasnier M, Lecoq AL, Meyrignac O and Noel N: Four-month clinical status of a cohort of patients after hospitalization for COVID-19. JAMA. 325:1525–1534. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Boari GEM, Bonetti S, Braglia-Orlandini F, Chiarini G, Faustini C, Bianco G, Santagiuliana M, Guarinoni V, Saottini M, Viola S, et al: Short-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia: A follow up study. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 28:373–381. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Gautam N, Madathil S, Tahani N, Bolton S, Parekh D, Stockley J, Goyal S, Qureshi H, Yasmin S, Cooper BG, et al: Medium-term outcome of severe to critically ill patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 74:301–308. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Benedetti F, Palladini M, Paolini M, Melloni E, Vai B, De Lorenzo R, Furlan R, Rovere-Querini P, Falini A and Mazza MG: Brain correlates of depression, post-traumatic distress, and inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 survivors: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Brain Behav Immun Health. 18(100387)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Gómez-Mayordomo V, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Palacios-Ceña M, Rodríguez-Jiménez J, Florencio LL, Velasco-Arribas M, Fuensalida-Novo S, Cigarán-Méndez M, Ambite-Quesada S, et al: Anxiety, depression and poor sleep quality as long-term post-COVID sequelae in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study. J Infect. 83:496–522. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Pilotto A, Cristillo V, Cotti Piccinelli S, Zoppi N, Bonzi G, Sattin D, Schiavolin S, Raggi A, Canale A, Gipponi S, et al: Long-term neurological manifestations of COVID-19: prevalence and predictive factors. Neurol Sci. 42:4903–4907. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Méndez R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Luperdi SC, Estrada I, Latorre A, González-Jiménez P, Bouzas L, Yépez K, Ferrando A, Reyes S, et al: Long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes in COVID-19 survivors: A 1-year longitudinal study. J Intern Med. 291:247–251. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Zhang X, Wang F, Shen Y, Zhang X, Cen Y, Wang B, Zhao S, Zhou Y, Hu B, Wang M, et al: Symptoms and Health Outcomes Among Survivors of COVID-19 Infection 1 Year After Discharge From Hospitals in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 4(e2127403)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Matalon N, Dorman-Ilan S, Hasson-Ohayon I, Hertz-Palmor N, Shani S, Basel D, Gross R, Chen W, Abramovich A and Afek A: Trajectories of post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A one-month follow-up. J Psychosom Res. 143(110399)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, Spina A, Del Forno A, Scatolini A, Angelone S, Brugliera L, Tettamanti A and Beretta L: COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS One. 16(e0246590)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G, Adams A, Harvey O, McLean L, Walshaw C, Kemp S, Corrado J and Singh R: Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol. 93:1013–1022. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

de Graaf MA, Antoni ML, Ter Kuile MM, Arbous MS, Duinisveld AJF, Feltkamp MCW, Groeneveld GH, Hinnen SCH, Janssen VR, Lijfering WM, et al: Short-term outpatient follow-up of COVID-19 patients: A multidisciplinary approach. EClinicalMedicine. 32(100731)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Albu S, Zozaya NR, Murillo N, García-Molina A, Chacón CAF and Kumru H: What's going on following acute COVID-19? Clinical characteristics of patients in an out-patient rehabilitation program. NeuroRehabilitation. 48:469–480. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

van den Borst B, Peters JB, Brink M, Schoon Y, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Schers H, van Hees HWH, van Helvoort H, van den Boogaard M, van der Hoeven H, et al: Comprehensive health assessment 3 months after recovery from acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 73:e1089–e1098. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Rass V, Beer R, Schiefecker AJ, Kofler M, Lindner A, Mahlknecht P, Heim B, Limmert V, Sahanic S, Pizzini A, et al: Neurological outcome and quality of life 3 months after COVID-19: A prospective observational cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 28:3348–3359. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Yuan B, Li W, Liu H, Cai X, Song S, Zhao J, Hu X, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang K, et al: Correlation between immune response and self-reported depression during convalescence from COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun. 88:39–43. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Wong AW, Shah AS, Johnston JC, Carlsten C and Ryerson CJ: Patient-reported outcome measures after COVID-19: A prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 56(200327)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Tomasoni D, Bai F, Castoldi R, Barbanotti D, Falcinella C, Mulè G, Mondatore D, Tavelli A, Vegni E, Marchetti G and d'Arminio Monforte A: Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J Med Virol. 93:1175–1179. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Wu C, Hu X, Song J, Yang D, Xu J, Cheng K, Chen D, Zhong M, Jiang J, Xiong W, et al: Mental health status and related influencing factors of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China. Clin Transl Med. 10(e52)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Romero-Duarte Á, Rivera-Izquierdo M, Guerrero-Fernández de Alba I, Pérez-Contreras M, Fernández-Martínez NF, Ruiz-Montero R, Serrano-Ortiz Á, González-Serna RO, Salcedo-Leal I, Jiménez-Mejías E and Cárdenas-Cruz A: Sequelae, persistent symptomatology and outcomes after COVID-19 hospitalization: The ANCOHVID multicentre 6-month follow-up study. BMC Med. 19(129)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Kaseda ET and Levine AJ: Post-traumatic stress disorder: A differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors. Clin Neuropsychol. 34:1498–1514. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Giannopoulou I, Galinaki S, Kollintza E, Adamaki M, Kympouropoulos S, Alevyzakis E, Tsamakis K, Tsangaris I, Spandidos DA, Siafakas N, et al: COVID-19 and post-traumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health (Review). Exp Ther Med. 22(1162)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Naidu SB, Shah AJ, Saigal A, Smith C, Brill SE, Goldring J, Hurst JR, Jarvis H, Lipman M and Mandal S: The high mental health burden of ʻLong COVIDʼ and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital. Eur Respir J. 57(2004364)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Venturelli S, Benatti SV, Casati M, Binda F, Zuglian G, Imeri G, Conti C, Biffi AM, Spada MS, Bondi E, et al: Surviving COVID-19 in Bergamo province: A post-acute outpatient re-evaluation. Epidemiol Infect. 149(e32)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M, Elneima O, Docherty AB, Lone NI, Leavy OC, et al: Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): A UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 9:1275–1287. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Bellan M, Soddu D, Balbo PE, Baricich A, Zeppegno P, Avanzi GC, Baldon G, Bartolomei G, Battaglia M, Battistini S, et al: Respiratory and psychophysical sequelae among patients with COVID-19 four months after hospital discharge. JAMA Network Open. 4(e2036142)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Horn M, Wathelet M, Fovet T, Amad A, Vuotto F, Faure K, Astier T, Noël H, Henry M and Duhem S: Is COVID-19 associated with posttraumatic stress disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 82(9886)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Tarsitani L, Vassalini P, Koukopoulos A, Borrazzo C, Alessi F, Di Nicolantonio C, Serra R, Alessandri F, Ceccarelli G, Mastroianni CM, et al: Post-traumatic stress disorder among COVID-19 survivors at 3-month follow-up after hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med. 36:1702–1707. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Lanzani C, Benedetti F, Roveri L, Mazza MG, Brioni E, Giacalone G, Canti V, Sofia V, et al: Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One. 15(e0239570)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Poyraz BÇ, Poyraz CA, Olgun Y, Gürel Ö, Alkan S, Özdemir YE, Balkan İİ and Karaali R: Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19. Psychiatry Res. 295(113604)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, Cook JR, Nordvig AS, Shalev D, Sehrawat TS, et al: Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 27:601–615. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Sun LL, Wang J, Wang YS, Hu PF, Zhao ZQ, Chen W, Ning BF, Yin C, Hao YS, Wang Q, et al: Symptomatic features and prognosis of 932 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan. J Dig Dis. 22:271–281. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Augustin M, Schommers P, Stecher M, Dewald F, Gieselmann L, Gruell H, Horn C, Vanshylla K, Cristanziano VD, Osebold L, et al: Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 6(100122)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Shang YF, Liu T, Yu JN, Xu XR, Zahid KR, Wei YC, Wang XH and Zhou FL: Half-year follow-up of patients recovering from severe COVID-19: Analysis of symptoms and their risk factors. J Intern Med. 290:444–450. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Grandner MA: Sleep, health, and society. Sleep Med Clin. 12:1–22. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Freeman D, Sheaves B, Waite F, Harvey AG and Harrison PJ: Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 7:628–637. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Gill H, Teopiz KM, Rodrigues NB, Subramaniapillai M, Di Vincenzo JD, Cao B, et al: Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 101:93–135. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Townsend L, Dyer AH, Naughton A, Kiersey R, Holden D, Gardiner M, Dowds J, O'Brien K, Bannan C, Nadarajan P, et al: Longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 patients shows age-associated T cell changes independent of ongoing Ill-health. Front Immunol. 12(676932)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Rodríuez-Jiménez J, Palacios-Ceña M, Velasco-Arribas M, Guijarro C, de-la-Llave-Rincón AI, Fuensalida-Novo S, Elvira-Martínez CM, et al: Long-term post-COVID symptoms and associated risk factors in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study. J Infect. 83:237–279. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

González-Hermosillo JA, Martínez-López JP, Carrillo-Lampón SA, Ruiz-Ojeda D, Herrera-Ramírez S, Amezcua-Guerra LM and Martínez-Alvarado MDR: Post-acute COVID-19 symptoms, a potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic fatigue syndrome: A 6-month survey in a Mexican cohort. Brain Sci. 11(760)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Menges D, Ballouz T, Anagnostopoulos A, Aschmann HE, Domenghino A, Fehr JS and Puhan MA: Burden of post-COVID-19 syndrome and implications for healthcare service planning: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 16(e0254523)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

89 

Stavem K, Ghanima W, Olsen MK, Gilboe HM and Einvik G: Prevalence and determinants of fatigue after COVID-19 in Non-hospitalized subjects: A Population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(2030)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Peghin M, Palese A, Venturini M, De Martino M, Gerussi V, Graziano E, Bontempo G, Marrella F, Tommasini A, Fabris M, et al: Post-COVID-19 symptoms 6 months after acute infection among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 27:1507–1513. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Liang L, Yang B, Jiang N, Fu W, He X, Zhou Y, Ma WL and Wang X: Three-month Follow-up study of survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 after discharge. J Korean Med Sci. 35:e418. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Daroische R, Hemminghyth MS, Eilertsen TH, Breitve MH and Chwiszczuk LJ: Cognitive impairment after COVID-19-A review on objective test data. Front Neurol. 12(699582)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G and David AS: Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 7:611–627. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Méndez R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Luperdi SC, Estrada I, Latorre A, González-Jiménez P, Feced L, Bouzas L, Yépez K, Ferrando A, et al: Short-term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of life in COVID-19 survivors. J Intern Med. 290:621–631. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Desforges M, Le Coupanec A, Dubeau P, Bourgouin A, Lajoie L, Dubé M and Talbot PJ: Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: Underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses. 12(14)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Li CW, Syue LS, Tsai YS, Li MC, Lo CL, Tsai CS, Chen PL, Ko WC and Lee NY: Anosmia and olfactory tract neuropathy in a case of COVID-19. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 54:93–96. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Lin E, Lantos JE, Strauss SB, Phillips CD, Campion TR Jr, Navi BB, Parikh NS, Merkler AE, Mir S, Zhang C, et al: Brain imaging of patients with COVID-19: Findings at an academic institution during the height of the outbreak in New York City. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 41:2001–2008. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

Lu S, Wei N, Jiang J, Wu L, Sheng J, Zhou J, Fang Q, Chen Y, Zheng S, Chen F, et al: First report of manic-like symptoms in a COVID-19 patient with no previous history of a psychiatric disorder. J Affect Disord. 277:337–340. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Najjar S, Najjar A, Chong DJ, Pramanik BK, Kirsch C, Kuzniecky RI, Pacia SV and Azhar S: Central nervous system complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Integrative concepts of pathophysiology and case reports. J Neuroinflammation. 17(231)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

100 

Muus C, Luecken MD, Eraslan G, Waghray A, Heimberg G, Sikkema L, Kobayashi Y, Vaishnav ED, Subramanian A, Smilie C, et al: Integrated analyses of single-cell atlases reveal age, gender, and smoking status associations with cell type-specific expression of mediators of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and highlights inflammatory programs in putative target cells. bioRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.049254.

101 

Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, Williams LM, Reed MJ, Baumann KK, Holden SJ, Raber J, Banks WA and Erickson MA: The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci. 24:368–378. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB and Oudit GY: Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: Celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2. Circ Res. 126:1456–1474. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Inoue Y, Tanaka N, Tanaka Y, Inoue S, Morita K, Zhuang M, Hattori T and Sugamura K: Clathrin-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into target cells expressing ACE2 with the cytoplasmic tail deleted. J Virol. 81:8722–8729. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS and McLellan JS: Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 367:1260–1263. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Wang K, Chen W, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Lian JQ, Du P, Wei D, Zhang Y, Sun XX, Gong L, et al: CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5(283)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Dantzer R: Neuroimmune Interactions: From the Brain to the immune system and vice versa. Physiol Rev. 98:477–504. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Ye Q, Wang B and Mao J: The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J Infect. 80:607–613. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Park MD: Macrophages: A Trojan horse in COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol. 20(351)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A, Muller MP and Kelvin DJ: Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res. 133:13–19. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Miller AH and Raison CL: The role of inflammation in depression: From evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:22–34. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

111 

Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan CA, Charney D and Southwick S: Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4:35–40. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

112 

Smith SM and Vale WW: The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 8:383–395. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

113 

de Pablos RM, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, Muñoz MF, Machado A and Venero JL: Chronic stress enhances microglia activation and exacerbates death of nigral dopaminergic neurons under conditions of inflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 11(34)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Schoenfeld TJ and Gould E: Stress, stress hormones, and adult neurogenesis. Exp Neurol. 233:12–21. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

115 

Futtrup J, Margolinsky R, Benros ME, Moos T, Routhe LJ, Rungby J and Krogh J: Blood-brain barrier pathology in patients with severe mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of biomarkers in case-control studies. Brain Behav Immun Health. 6(100102)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Tremblay ME, Madore C, Bordeleau M, Tian L and Verkhratsky A: Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The role for glia. Front Cell Neurosci. 14(592214)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

117 

Zhou H, Lu S, Chen J, Wei N, Wang D, Lyu H, Shi C and Hu S: The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. J Psychiatr Res. 129:98–102. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Mazza MG, Lucchi S, Tringali AGM, Rossetti A, Botti ER and Clerici M: Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 84:229–236. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, et al: Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci. 24:312–325. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Lee MH, Perl DP, Nair G, Li W, Maric D, Murray H, Dodd SJ, Koretsky AP, Watts JA, Cheung V, et al: Microvascular Injury in the Brains of patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 384:481–483. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Dietz AG, Goldman SA and Nedergaard M: Glial cells in schizophrenia: A unified hypothesis. Lancet Psychiatry. 7:272–281. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Verkhratsky A, Rodríguez JJ and Steardo L: Astrogliopathology: A central element of neuropsychiatric diseases? Neuroscientist. 20:576–588. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Barbic F, Heusser K, Minonzio M, Shiffer D, Cairo B, Tank J, Jordan J, Diedrich A, Gauger P, Zamuner RA, et al: Effects of prolonged head-down bed rest on cardiac and vascular baroreceptor modulation and orthostatic tolerance in healthy individuals. Front Physiol. 10(1061)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Beck L, Baisch F, Gaffney FA, Buckey JC, Arbeille P, Patat F, Ten Harkel AD, Hillebrecht A, Schulz H, Karemaker JM, et al: Cardiovascular response to lower body negative pressure before, during, and after ten days head-down tilt bedrest. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 604:43–52. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

125 

Goldstein DS, Vernikos J, Holmes C and Convertino VA: Catecholaminergic effects of prolonged head-down bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985). 78:1023–1029. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Kamiya A, Michikami D, Fu Q, Iwase S, Hayano J, Kawada T, Mano T and Sunagawa K: Pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension after bed rest: Paradoxical sympathetic withdrawal. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 285:H1158–H1167. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A, Bronchain M, Hanseeuw B, Belkhir L, Yombi JC, De Greef J, Pothen L, Yildiz H, et al: Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. J Neurol. 268:751–757. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

128 

Follmer C: Viral infection-induced gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein aggregation: Updates and perspectives on COVID-19 and neurodegenerative disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci. 11:4012–4016. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

129 

McAlpine LS, Zubair AS, Maran I, Chojecka P, Lleva P, Jasne AS, Navaratnam D, Matouk C, Schindler J, Sheth KN, et al: Ischemic stroke, inflammation, and endotheliopathy in COVID-19 patients. Stroke. 52:e233–e238. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

130 

Wang Z, Yang Y, Liang X, Gao B, Liu M, Li W, Chen Z and Wang Z: COVID-19 associated ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke: Incidence, potential pathological mechanism, and management. Front Neurol. 11(571996)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

131 

Lu Y, Li X, Geng D, Mei N, Wu PY, Huang CC, Jia T, Zhao Y, Wang D, Xiao A and Yin B: Cerebral Micro-structural changes in COVID-19 patients-an MRI-based 3-month Follow-up study. EClinicalMedicine. 25(100484)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

132 

Sulzer D, Antonini A, Leta V, Nordvig A, Smeyne RJ, Goldman JE, Al-Dalahmah O, Zecca L, Sette A, Bubacco L, et al: COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: From bench to bedside. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 6(18)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

133 

Guedj E, Campion JY, Dudouet P, Kaphan E, Bregeon F, Tissot-Dupont H, Guis S, Barthelemy F, Habert P, Ceccaldi M, et al: 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in patients with long COVID. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 48:2823–2833. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

134 

Attademo L and Bernardini F: Are dopamine and serotonin involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology? Eur J Psychiatry. 35:62–63. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Efstathiou V, Stefanou M, Demetriou M, Siafakas N, Makris M, Tsivgoulis G, Zoumpourlis V, Kympouropoulos SP, Tsoporis JN, Spandidos DA, Spandidos DA, et al: Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 363, 2022.
APA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G. ... Rizos, E. (2022). Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 363. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11290
MLA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.5 (2022): 363.
Chicago
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 5 (2022): 363. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11290
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Efstathiou V, Stefanou M, Demetriou M, Siafakas N, Makris M, Tsivgoulis G, Zoumpourlis V, Kympouropoulos SP, Tsoporis JN, Spandidos DA, Spandidos DA, et al: Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 363, 2022.
APA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G. ... Rizos, E. (2022). Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 363. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11290
MLA
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.5 (2022): 363.
Chicago
Efstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Demetriou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M., Tsivgoulis, G., Zoumpourlis, V., Kympouropoulos, S. P., Tsoporis, J. N., Spandidos, D. A., Smyrnis, N., Rizos, E."Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 5 (2022): 363. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11290
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team