Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
June-2022 Volume 23 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2022 Volume 23 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Cristian Cojocaru
    • Elena Cojocaru
    • Adina Magdalena Turcanu
    • Dragos Cosmin Zaharia
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Medical III Department, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania, Morpho‑Functional Sciences II Department, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania, Department 4 Cardio‑thoracic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Carol Davila’, 050471 Bucharest, Romania
    Copyright: © Cojocaru et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 416
    |
    Published online on: April 28, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11343
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Since the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection, there have been challenges recognizing the clinical features of SARS‑CoV‑2 and identifying therapeutic options. This has been compounded by viral mutations that affect clinical response and primary epidemiological indicators. Multiple variants of SARS‑CoV‑2 have been identified and classified on the basis of nomenclature implemented by scientific organizations and the World Health Organisation (WHO). A total of five variants of concern (VOCs) have been identified to date. The present study aimed to analyse clinical and epidemiological features of each variant. Based on these characteristics, predictions were made about potential future evolution. Considering the time and location of SARS‑CoV‑2 VOC emergence, it was hypothesised that mutations were not due to pressure caused by the vaccines introduced in December 2020 but were dependent on natural characteristics of the virus. In the process of adapting to the human body, SARS‑CoV‑2 is expected to undergo evolution to become more contagious but less deadly. SARS‑CoV‑2 was hypothesized to continue spread through isolated epidemic outbreaks due to the unimmunized population, mostly unvaccinated children and adults, and for coronaviruses to continue to present a public health problem.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY and Yuen KY: Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: Lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol. 21:544–555. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, et al: A novel coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China. N Engl J Med. 382:727–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y and Gao G: Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 24:490–502. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, et al: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579:270–273. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, et al: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 579:265–269. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kistler K, Huddleston J and Bedford T: Rapid and parallel adaptive mutations in spike S1 drive clade success in SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 30:545–555.e4. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Khan A, Khan T, Ali S, Aftab S, Wang Y, Qiankun W, Khan M, Suleman M, Ali S, Heng W, et al: SARS-CoV-2 new variants: Characteristic features and impact on the efficacy of different vaccines. Biomed Pharmacother. 143(112176)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

World Health Organization (WHO): Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/. Accessed January 19, 2022.

9 

Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, Jarvis CI, Kucharski AJ, Munday JD, Pearson CAB, Russell TW, Tully DC, Washburne AD, et al: Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science. 372(eabg3055)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Science Brief: Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants. CDC, Atlanta, GA, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html. Updated January 2021.

11 

Letko M, Marzi A and Munster V: Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol. 5:562–569. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H and Pöhlmann S: A Multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells. Mol Cell. 78:779–784.e5. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Yang W and Shaman J: Development of a model-inference system for estimating epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Nat Commun. 12(5573)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Monel B, Planas D, Grzelak L, Smith N, Robillard N, Staropoli I, Goncalves P, Porrot F, Guivel-Benhassine F, Guinet ND, et al: Release of infectious virus and cytokines in nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals infected with non-alpha or alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants: An observational retrospective study. EBioMedicine. 73(103637)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Kidd M, Richter A, Best A, Cumley N, Mirza J, Percival B, Mayhew M, Megram O, Ashford F, White T, et al: S-variant SARS-CoV-2 lineage B1.1.7 is associated with significantly higher viral loads in samples tested by TaqPath Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Infect Dis. 223:1666–1670. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Calistri P, Amato L, Puglia I, Cito F, Di Giuseppe A, Danzetta ML, Morelli D, Di Domenico M, Caporale M, Scialabba S, et al: Infection sustained by lineage B.1.1.7 of SARS-CoV-2 is characterised by longer persistence and higher viral RNA loads in nasopharyngeal swabs. Int J Infect Dis. 105:753–755. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Walker AS, Vihta KD, Gethings O, Pritchard E, Jones J, House T, Bell I, Bell JI, Newton JN, Farrar J, et al: Tracking the emergence of SARSCoV-2 alpha variant in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med. 385:2582–2585. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Shenai MB, Rahme R and Noorchashm H: Equivalency of protection from natural immunity in COVID-19 recovered versus fully vaccinated persons: A systematic review and pooled analysise. Cureus. 13(e19102)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Vassallo M, Manni S, Klotz C, Fabre R, Pini P, Blanchouin E, Sindt A, Lotte L, Dubertrand JM, Liguori S, et al: Patients admitted for variant alpha COVID-19 have poorer outcomes than those infected with the old strain. J Clin Med. 10(3550)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Turnbull CD, Porter BML, Evans SB, Smith O, Lardner R, Hallifax R, Bettinson HV, Talbot NP, Bafadhel M, Rahman NM, et al: Improved COVID-19 outcomes in a large non-invasive respiratory support cohort despite emergence of the alpha variant. BMJ open Respir Res. 8(e001044)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Elliott J, Whitaker M, Bodinier B, Eales O, Riley S, Ward H, Cooke G, Darzi A, Chadeau-Hyam M and Elliott P: Predictive symptoms for COVID-19 in the community: REACT-1 study of over 1 million people. PLoS Med. 18(e1003777)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Zhang F, DaSilva J, Poston D, Lorenzi JC, Muecksch F, Rutkowska M, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, et al: Escape from neutralizing antibodies by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants. Elife. 9(e61312)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Resende P, Bezerra J, Teixeira Vasconcelos RH, Arantes I, Appolinario L, Mendonça AC, Paixao AC, Duarte Rodrigues AC, Silva T, Sampaio Rocha A, et al: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June-October 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 27:1789–1794. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Wang Z, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Muecksch F, Barnes CO, Finkin S, Schaefer-Babajew D, Cipolla M, Gaebler C, Lieberman JA, et al: mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants. Nature. 592:616–622. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Moss DL and Rappaport J: SARS-CoV-2 beta variant substitutions alter spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain structure and stability. J Biol Chem. 297(101371)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Jassat W, Mudara C, Ozougwu L, Tempia S, Blumberg L, Davies MA, Pillay Y, Carter T, Morewane R, Wolmarans M, et al: Difference in mortality among individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during the first and second waves in South Africa: A cohort study. Lancet Glob Heal. 9:e1216–e1225. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Luna-Muschi A, Borges IC, de Faria E, Barboza AS, Maia FL, Leme MD, Guedes AR, Mendes-Correa MC, Kallas EG, Segurado AC, et al: Clinical features of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant: A prospective cohort study of vaccinated and unvaccinated healthcare workers. J Infect. 84:248–288. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Allen H, Vusirikala A, Flannagan J, Twohig KA, Zaidi A, Chudasama D, Lamagni T, Groves N, Turner C, Rawlinson C, et al: Household transmission of COVID-19 cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.2): National casecontrol study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 12(100252)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Cherian S, Potdar V, Jadhav S, Yadav P, Gupta N, Das M, Rakshit P, Singh S, Abraham P, Panda S and Team N: SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutations, L452R, T478K, E484Q and P681R, in the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India. Microorganisms. 9(1542)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Challen R, Dyson L, Overton CE, Guzman-Rincon LM, Hill EM, Stage HB, Brooks-Pollock E, Pellis L, Scarabel F, Pascall DJ, et al: Early epidemiological signatures of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants: Establishment of B.1.617.2 in England. medRxiv: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.05.21258365.

31 

Wang Y, Chen R, Hu F, Lan Y, Yang Z, Zhan C, Shi J, Deng X, Jiang M, Zhong S, et al: Transmission, viral kinetics and clinical characteristics of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Guangzhou, China. EClinicalMedicine. 40(101129)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ong SWX, Chiew CJ, Ang LW, Mak TM, Cui L, Toh MPHS, Lim YD, Lee PH, Lee TH, Chia PY, et al: Clinical and virological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) variants of concern: A retrospective cohort study comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Clin Infect Dis: Aug 23, 2021 (Epub ahead of print).

33 

Twohig KA, Nyberg T, Zaidi A, Thelwall S, Sinnathamby MA, Aliabadi S, Seaman SR, Harris RJ, Hope R, Lopez-Bernal J, et al: Hospital admission and emergency care attendance risk for SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) compared with alpha (B.1.1.7) variants of concern: A cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 22:35–42. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Loconsole D, Centrone F, Morcavallo C, Campanella S, Accogli M, Sallustio A, Peccarisi D, Stufano A, Lovreglio P and Chironna M: Changing Features of COVID-19: Characteristics of Infections with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) and Alpha (B.1.1.7) Variants in Southern Italy. Vaccines (Basel). 9(1354)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Ryu BH, Hong SI, Lim SJ, Cho Y, Hwang C, Kang H, Kim SH, Wi YM, Hong KW, Bae IG and Cho OH: Clinical Features of Adult COVID-19 Patients without Risk Factors before and after the Nationwide SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta)-variant Outbreak in Korea: Experience from Gyeongsangnam-do. J Korean Med Sci. 36(e341)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Butt AA, Dargham SR, Chemaitelly H, Al Khal A, Tang P, Hasan MR, Coyle PV, Thomas AG, Borham AM, Concepcion EG, et al: Severity of Illness in Persons Infected With the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant vs Beta Variant in Qatar. JAMA Intern Med. 182:197–205. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Chia PY, Ong SWX, Chiew CJ, Ang LW, Chavatte JM, Mak TM, Cui L, Kalimuddin S, Chia WN, Tan CW, et al: Virological and serological kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant vaccine breakthrough infections: A multicentre cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 28:612.e1–612.e7. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Kim S, Nguyen TT, Taitt AS, Jhun H, Park HY, Kim SH, Kim YG, Song EY, Lee Y, Yum H, et al: SARSCoV-2 omicron mutation is faster than the chase: Multiple mutations on spike/ACE2 interaction residues. Immune Netw. 21(e38)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF and Klonoff DC: Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: Global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 25:8012–8018. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Sofonea MT, Roquebert B, Foulongne V, Verdurme L, Trombert-Paolantoni S, Roussel M, Haim-Boukobza S and Alizonet S: From Delta to Omicron: Analysing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France using variant-specific screening tests (September 1 to December 18, 2021). medRxiv: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.31.21268583.

41 

Abdullah F, Myers J, Basu D, Tintinger G, Ueckermann V, Mathebula M, Ramlall R, Spoor S, de Villiers T, Van der Walt Z, et al: Decreased severity of disease during the first global omicron variant covid-19 outbreak in a large hospital in tshwane, South Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 116:38–42. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Graham MS, Sudre CH, May A, Antonelli M, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Kläser K, Canas LS, Molteni E, Modat M, et al: Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: An ecological study. Lancet Public Health. 6:e335–e345. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Wang S, Zou X, Li Z, Fu J, Fan H, Yu H, Deng F, Huang H, Peng J, Zhao K, et al: Analysis of clinical characteristics and virus strains variation of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Jiangsu Province-A retrospective study. Front Public Health. 9(791600)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Neagu M, Constantin C and Surcel M: Testing antigens, antibodies, and immune cells in COVID-19 as a public health topic-experience and outlines. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(13173)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Lownik JC, Farrar JS, Way GW, McKay A, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL and Martin RK: Fast SARS-CoV-2 variant detection using snapback primer high-resolution melting. Diagnostics (Basel). 11(1788)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

de Puig H, Lee RA, Najjar D, Tan X, Soekensen LR, Angenent-Mari NM, Donghia NM, Weckman NE, Ory A, Ng CF, et al: Minimally instrumented SHERLOCK (miSHERLOCK) for CRISPR-based point-of-care diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Sci Adv. 7(eabh2944)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Lunca C, Cojocaru C, Gurzu IL, Petrariu FD and Cojocaru E: Performance of antigenic detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal samples. medRxiv: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.12.21260263.

48 

Buchta C, Camp JV, Jovanovic J, Radler U, Benka B, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Müller MM, Griesmacher A, Aberle SW and Görzer I: Inadequate design of mutation detection panels prevents interpretation of variants of concern: Results of an external quality assessment for SARS-CoV-2 variant detection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 60:291–298. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L and Song J: Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 46:846–848. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Ghebrehiwet B and Peerschke EI: Complement and coagulation: Key triggers of COVID-19-induced multiorgan pathology. J Clin Invest. 130:5674–5676. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Jacobs W, Lammens M, Kerckhofs A, Voets E, Van San E, Van Coillie S, Peleman C, Mergeay M, Sirimsi S, Matheeussen V, et al: Fatal lymphocytic cardiac damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): autopsy reveals a ferroptosis signature. ESC Hear Fail. 7:3772–3781. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Timpani CA and Rybalka E: Calming the (Cytokine) Storm: Dimethyl fumarate as a therapeutic candidate for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 14(15)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Wood H: New insights into the neurological effects of COVID-19. Nat Rev Neurol. 16(403)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Cojocaru E, Cojocaru C, Antoniu SA, Stafie CS, Rajnoveanu A and Rajnoveanu RM: Inhaled interferons beta and SARS-COV2 infection: A preliminary therapeutic perspective. Expert Rev Respir Med. 16:257–261. 2022.

55 

US Food and Drug (FDA): FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine. FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine. Accessed August 23, 2021.

56 

Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, Hohmann E, Chu HY, Luetkemeyer A, Kline S, et al: Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19-Final Report. N Engl J Med. 383:1813–1826. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Lavinio A, Ercole A, Battaglini D, Magnoni S, Badenes R, Taccone FS, Helbok R, Thomas W, Pelosi P and Robba C: collaborators. Safety profile of enhanced thromboprophylaxis strategies for critically ill COVID-19 patients during the first wave of the pandemic: Observational report from 28 European intensive care units. Crit Care. 25(155)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Guy T, Créac'hcadec A, Ricordel C, Salé A, Arnouat B, Bizec JL, Langelot M, Lineau C, Marquette D, Martin F, et al: High-flow nasal oxygen: A safe, efficient treatment for COVID-19 patients not in an ICU. Eur Respir J. 56(2001154)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Horwitz LI, Jones SA, Cerfolio RJ, Francois F, Greco J, Rudy B and Petrilli CM: Trends in COVID-19 Risk-Adjusted Mortality Rates. J Hosp Med. 16:90–92. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Our World in Data: COVID-19 Data Explorer. https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer. Accessed March 12, 2022.

61 

Mercatelli D and Giorgi FM: Geographic and genomic distribution of SARS-CoV-2 mutations. Front Microbiol. 11(1800)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Shen Z, Xiao Y, Kang L, Ma W, Shi L, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Yang J, Zhong J, Yang D, et al: Genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 71:713–720. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, Papa G, Meng B, Ferreira IATM, Datir R, Collier DA, Albecka A, Singh S, et al: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion. Nature. 599:114–119. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Long MJC and Aye Y: Science's Response to CoVID-19. ChemMedChem. 16:2288–2314. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Muik A, Wallisch AK, Sänger B, Swanson KA, Mühl J, Chen W, Cai H, Maurus D, Sarkar R, Türeci O, et al: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera. Science. 371:1152–1153. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Abdool Karim SS and de Oliveira T: New SARS-CoV-2 variants-clinical, public health, and vaccine implications. N Engl J Med. 384:1866–1868. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Pfizer: Pfizer and BioNTech Provide Update on Omicron Variant. Pfizer, New York, NY 2021. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-provide-update-omicron-variant. Accessed December 08, 2021.

68 

Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Radu S and Gurzu B: Perception and attitude of the general population on the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2. J Biosci Med. 9:1–10. 2021.

69 

Congressional Research Service: Global Economic Effects of COVID-19, 2021. https://crsreports.congress.gov/. Updated November 10, 2021.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Turcanu AM and Zaharia DC: Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 416, 2022.
APA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A.M., & Zaharia, D.C. (2022). Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 416. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11343
MLA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A. M., Zaharia, D. C."Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.6 (2022): 416.
Chicago
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A. M., Zaharia, D. C."Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 6 (2022): 416. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11343
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cojocaru C, Cojocaru E, Turcanu AM and Zaharia DC: Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review). Exp Ther Med 23: 416, 2022.
APA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A.M., & Zaharia, D.C. (2022). Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 416. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11343
MLA
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A. M., Zaharia, D. C."Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.6 (2022): 416.
Chicago
Cojocaru, C., Cojocaru, E., Turcanu, A. M., Zaharia, D. C."Clinical challenges of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 6 (2022): 416. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11343
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team