Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
August-2022 Volume 24 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2022 Volume 24 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells

  • Authors:
    • Su-Bin Park
    • Woo Kwon Jung
    • Hyung Rae Kim
    • Hwa-Young Yu
    • Yong Hwan Kim
    • Junghyun Kim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Park et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 533
    |
    Published online on: June 22, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11460
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Esculetin is a natural lactone that is commonly derived from coumarins. According to previous experiments using human cancer cells, esculetin has potent antitumor activity; it also inhibits proliferation and induces the apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, the anti‑proliferative effect of esculetin on the submandibular salivary gland tumor cell line, A253, was evaluated via in vitro and in vivo analyses. Furthermore, the anti‑cancer effects of esculetin in A253 cells and a xenograft model of salivary gland tumors were determined using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide and TUNEL assay, apoptosis protein array, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Esculetin (50‑150 µM) was demonstrated to have an anti‑proliferative effect in the A253 cell line in vitro; this observed effect was dependent on the dose and duration of treatment. Esculetin also increased the levels of Bax, cleaved caspase‑3, cleaved‑9 and cleaved poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase apoptosis‑related proteins, and decreased the expression levels of the Bcl‑2 anti‑apoptotic protein. With respect to apoptosis regulation, esculetin significantly decreased the proliferation of tumor cells in a xenograft model (100 mg/kg/day) for 18 days. Overall, esculetin could be a potential oral anticancer drug against salivary gland cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C and Parkin DM: Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 127:2893–2917. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Laurie SA and Licitra L: Systemic therapy in the palliative management of advanced salivary gland cancers. J Clin Oncol. 24:2673–2678. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Bell RB, Dierks EJ, Homer L and Potter BE: Management and outcome of patients with malignant salivary gland tumors. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 63:917–928. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Lima RA, Tavares MR, Dias FL, Kligerman J, Nascimento MF, Barbosa MM, Cernea CR, Soares JR, Santos IC and Salviano S: Clinical prognostic factors in malignant parotid gland tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 133:702–708. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Guzzo M, Locati LD, Prott FJ, Gatta G, McGurk M and Licitra L: Major and minor salivary gland tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 74:134–148. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Kaplan MJ, Johns ME and Cantrell RW: Chemotherapy for salivary gland cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 95:165–170. 1986.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Lagha A, Chraiet N, Ayadi M, Krimi S, Allani B, Rifi H, Raies H and Mezlini A: Systemic therapy in the management of metastatic or advanced salivary gland cancers. Head Neck Oncol. 4(19)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Larson DL, Lindberg RD, Lane E and Goepfert H: Major complications of radiotherapy in cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. A 10 year retrospective study. Am J Surg. 146:531–536. 1983.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Pendleton KP and Grandis JR: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy options for recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Clin Med Insights Ther. 2013(10.4137/CMT.S10409)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Chang WS, Lin CC, Chuang SC and Chiang HC: Superoxide anion scavenging effect of coumarins. Am J Chin Med. 24:11–17. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Masamoto Y, Ando H, Murata Y, Shimoishi Y, Tada M and Takahata K: Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity of esculetin isolated from seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 67:631–634. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Egan D, O'Kennedy R, Moran E, Cox D, Prosser E and Thornes RD: The pharmacology, metabolism, analysis, and applications of coumarin and coumarin-related compounds. Drug Metab Rev. 22:503–529. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Kok SH, Yeh CC, Chen ML and Kuo MY: Esculetin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation in human oral cancer SAS cells. Oral Oncol. 45:1067–1072. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Lin WL, Wang CJ, Tsai YY, Liu CL, Hwang JM and Tseng TH: Inhibitory effect of esculetin on oxidative damage induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in rat liver. Arch Toxicol. 74:467–472. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Okada Y, Miyauchi N, Suzuki K, Kobayashi T, Tsutsui C, Mayuzumi K, Nishibe S and Okuyama T: Search for naturally occurring substances to prevent the complications of diabetes. II. Inhibitory effect of coumarin and flavonoid derivatives on bovine lens aldose reductase and rabbit platelet aggregation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 43:1385–1387. 1995.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Wang CJ, Hsieh YJ, Chu CY, Lin YL and Tseng TH: Inhibition of cell cycle progression in human leukemia HL-60 cells by esculetin. Cancer Lett. 183:163–168. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Noguchi M, Kitagawa H, Miyazaki I and Mizukami Y: Influence of esculetin on incidence, proliferation, and cell kinetics of mammary carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in rats on high- and low-fat diets. Jpn J Cancer Res. 84:1010–1014. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Florea AM and Büsselberg D: Cisplatin as an anti-tumor drug: Cellular mechanisms of activity, drug resistance and induced side effects. Cancers (Basel). 3:1351–1371. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Osman AM, Telity SA, Telity SA, Damanhouri ZA, Al-Harthy SE, Al-Kreathy HM, Ramadan WS, Elshal MF, Khan LM and Kamel F: Chemosensitizing and nephroprotective effect of resveratrol in cisplatin-treated animals. Cancer Cell Int. 15(6)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Tikoo K, Kumar P and Gupta J: Rosiglitazone synergizes anticancer activity of cisplatin and reduces its nephrotoxicity in 7, 12-dimethyl benz{a}anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer rats. BMC Cancer. 9(107)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Cho JH, Shin JC, Cho JJ, Choi YH, Shim JH and Chae JI: Esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin): A potential cancer chemopreventive agent through suppression of Sp1 in oral squamous cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 46:265–271. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Park C, Jin CY, Kim GY, Choi IW, Kwon TK, Choi BT, Lee SJ, Lee WH and Choi YH: Induction of apoptosis by esculetin in human leukemia U937 cells through activation of JNK and ERK. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 227:219–228. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Sakagami H: Apoptosis-inducing activity and tumor-specificity of antitumor agents against oral squamous cell carcinoma. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 46:173–187. 2010.

25 

Alsahafi E, Begg K, Amelio I, Raulf N, Lucarelli P, Sauter T and Tavassoli M: Clinical update on head and neck cancer: Molecular biology and ongoing challenges. Cell Death Dis. 10(540)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Wen Y and Grandis JR: Emerging drugs for head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20:313–329. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Kimura Y and Sumiyoshi M: Antitumor and antimetastatic actions of dihydroxycoumarins (esculetin or fraxetin) through the inhibition of M2 macrophage differentiation in tumor-associated macrophages and/or G1 arrest in tumor cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 746:115–125. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Wang G, Lu M, Yao Y, Wang J and Li J: Esculetin exerts antitumor effect on human gastric cancer cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 814:207–215. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Li J, Li S, Wang X and Wang H: Esculetin induces apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondrial pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 95:787–794. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Lee SY, Lim TG, Chen H, Jung SK, Lee HJ, Lee MH, Kim DJ, Shin A, Lee KW, Bode AM, et al: Esculetin suppresses proliferation of human colon cancer cells by directly targeting β-catenin. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 6:1356–1364. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Kim WK, Byun WS, Chung HJ, Oh J, Park HJ, Choi JS and Lee SK: Esculetin suppresses tumor growth and metastasis by targeting Axin2/E-cadherin axis in colorectal cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 152:71–83. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Zhu X, Gu J and Qian H: Esculetin attenuates the growth of lung cancer by downregulating Wnt targeted genes and suppressing NF-κB. Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 54:128–133. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In English, Spanish).

33 

Turkekul K, Colpan RD, Baykul T, Ozdemir MD and Erdogan S: Esculetin inhibits the survival of human prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle. J Cancer Prev. 23:10–17. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Zhang G, Xu Y and Zhou HF: Esculetin inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration of laryngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting janus kinas (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) activation. Med Sci Monit. 25:7853–7863. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Wang J, Lu ML, Dai HL, Zhang SP, Wang HX and Wei N: Esculetin, a coumarin derivative, exerts in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity against hepatocellular carcinoma by initiating a mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res. 48:245–253. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Chang HT, Chou CT, Lin YS, Shieh P, Kuo DH, Jan CR and Liang WZ: Esculetin, a natural coumarin compound, evokes Ca(2+) movement and activation of Ca(2+)-associated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways that involved cell cycle arrest in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol. 37:4665–4678. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Liang C, Ju W, Pei S, Tang Y and Xiao Y: Pharmacological activities and synthesis of esculetin and its derivatives: A mini-review. Molecules. 22(387)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Chu S and Ferro TJ: Sp1: Regulation of gene expression by phosphorylation. Gene. 348:1–11. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Safe S, Imanirad P, Sreevalsan S, Nair V and Jutooru I: Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 18:759–769. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Black AR, Black JD and Azizkhan-Clifford J: Sp1 and krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J Cell Physiol. 188:143–160. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Louie JS, Shukla R, Richards-Kortum R and Anandasabapathy S: High-resolution microendoscopy in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic colorectal polyps. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 29:663–673. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Shirmanova MV, Druzhkova IN, Lukina MM, Dudenkova VV, Ignatova NI, Snopova LB, Shcheslavskiy VI, Belousov VV and Zagaynova EV: Chemotherapy with cisplatin: Insights into intracellular pH and metabolic landscape of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 7(8911)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Simons AL, Fath MA, Mattson DM, Smith BJ, Walsh SA, Graham MM, Hichwa RD, Buatti JM, Dornfeld K and Spitz DR: Enhanced response of human head and neck cancer xenograft tumors to cisplatin combined with 2-deoxy-D-glucose correlates with increased 18F-FDG uptake as determined by PET imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 69:1222–1230. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Chirino YI, Hernández-Pando R and Pedraza-Chaverri J: Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst ameliorates renal damage and protein nitration in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Pharmacol. 4(20)2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Stewart DJ, Benjamin RS, Luna M, Feun L, Caprioli R, Seifert W and Loo TL: Human tissue distribution of platinum after cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 10:51–54. 1982.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Mora Lde O, Antunes LM, Francescato HD and Bianchi Mde L: The effects of oral glutamine on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Res. 47:517–522. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Tubaro A, Del Negro P, Ragazzi E, Zampiron S and Della Loggia R: Anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic activity of esculetin in vivo. Pharmacol Res Commun. 20 (Suppl 5):S83–S85. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

OECD: Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity-Acute Toxic Class. Method. In: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2002.

49 

Lee JH, Hwang EH and Lee SR: A study on the radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity of A-253 cell line in vitro. J Korean Acad Oral Maxillofac Radiol. 27:91–104. 1997.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Park S, Jung WK, Kim HR, Yu H, Kim YH and Kim J: Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells. Exp Ther Med 24: 533, 2022.
APA
Park, S., Jung, W.K., Kim, H.R., Yu, H., Kim, Y.H., & Kim, J. (2022). Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 533. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11460
MLA
Park, S., Jung, W. K., Kim, H. R., Yu, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, J."Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.2 (2022): 533.
Chicago
Park, S., Jung, W. K., Kim, H. R., Yu, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, J."Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 2 (2022): 533. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11460
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Park S, Jung WK, Kim HR, Yu H, Kim YH and Kim J: Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells. Exp Ther Med 24: 533, 2022.
APA
Park, S., Jung, W.K., Kim, H.R., Yu, H., Kim, Y.H., & Kim, J. (2022). Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 24, 533. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11460
MLA
Park, S., Jung, W. K., Kim, H. R., Yu, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, J."Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24.2 (2022): 533.
Chicago
Park, S., Jung, W. K., Kim, H. R., Yu, H., Kim, Y. H., Kim, J."Esculetin has therapeutic potential via the proapoptotic signaling pathway in A253 human submandibular salivary gland tumor cells". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 24, no. 2 (2022): 533. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11460
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team