Seizures and multiple sclerosis‑more than an epidemiological association (Review)
- Authors:
- Dorin Cristian Antal
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Theona Eliza Crihan
- Bogdan Emilian Ignat
- Victoria San Antonio‑Arce
- Iulian Dan Cuciureanu
-
Affiliations: Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa, Iași 700115, Romania, Acute Female Clinic I, Psychiatry Institute Socola, Iași 700282, Romania, Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center‑University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D‑79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany - Published online on: September 23, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11625
- Article Number: 689
-
Copyright: © Antal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
 |
 |
|
Singh G and Sander JW: The global burden of epilepsy report: Implications for low- and middle-income countries. Epilepsy Behav. 105(106949)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Benjaminsen E, Myhr KM and Alstadhaug KB: The prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis in Nordland county, Norway. Seizure. 52:131–135. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Dobson R and Giovannoni G: Multiple sclerosis-a review. Eur J Neurol. 26:27–40. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gilmour H, Ramage-Morin PL and Wong SL: Multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and impact. Health Rep. 29:3–8. 2018.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Jácome Sánchez EC, García Castillo MA, González VP, Guillén López F and Correa Díaz EP: Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. A case report and literature review. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 4(2055217318768330)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tseng CC, Chang SJ, Tsai WC, Ou TT, Wu CC, Sung WY, Hsieh MC and Yen JH: Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(e3999)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kosmidou M, Katsanos AH, Katsanos KH, Kyritsis AP, Tsivgoulis G, Christodoulou D and Giannopoulos S: Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 264:254–259. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Klineova S and Lublin FD: Clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 8(a028928)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cortesi PA, Cozzolino P, Cesana G, Capra R and Mantovani LG: The prevalence and treatment status of different multiple sclerosis phenotypes in a italian reference center. Value Health. 20(PA720)2017. | |
|
Engelhard J, Oleske DM, Schmitting S, Wells KE, Talapala S and Barbato LM: Multiple sclerosis by phenotype in Germany. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 57(103326)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Liu Z, Liao Q, Wen H and Zhang Y: Disease modifying therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 20(102826)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Yang JH, Rempe T, Whitmire N, Dunn-Pirio A and Graves JS: Therapeutic advances in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 13(824926)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Manouchehri N, Salinas VH, Rabi Yeganeh N, Pitt D, Hussain RZ and Stuve O: Efficacy of disease modifying therapies in progressive MS and how immune senescence may explain their failure. Front Neurol. 13(854390)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hollen CW, Paz Soldán MM, Rinker JR II and Spain RI: The future of progressive multiple sclerosis therapies. Fed Pract. 37 (Suppl 1):S43–S49. 2020.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kinnunen E and Wikstrom J: Prevalence and prognosis of epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 27:729–733. 1986.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kelley BJ and Rodriguez M: Seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. CNS Drugs. 23:805–815. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Langenbruch L, Krämer J, Güler S, Möddel G, Geßner S, Melzer N, Elger CE, Wiendl H, Budde T, Meuth SG and Kovac S: Seizures and epilepsy in multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology and prognosis in a large tertiary referral center. J Neurol. 266:1789–1795. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de Sa JC, Airas L, Bartholome E, Grigoriadis N, Mattle H, Oreja-Guevara C, O'Riordan J, Sellebjerg F, Stankoff B, Vass K, et al: Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: A review for a multimodal approach in clinical practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 4:139–168. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kavčič A and Hofmann WE: Unprovoked seizures in multiple sclerosis: Why are they rare? Brain Behav. 7(e00726)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Asadi-Pooya AA, Sahraian MA, Sina F, Baghbanian SM, Habibabadi JM, Shaygannejad V, Asadollahi M, Karvigh SA, Moghadasi AN, Nikseresht A and Motamedi M: Management of seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis; an Iranian consensus. Epilepsy Behav. 96:244–248. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Koch M, Uyttenboogaart M, Polman S and De Keyser J: Seizures in multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 49:948–953. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, Lagae L, Moshé SL, Peltola J, Roulet Perez E, et al: Operational classification of seizure types by the international league against epilepsy: Position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 58:522–530. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, Correale J, Fazekas F, Filippi M, Freedman MS, et al: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 17:162–173. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lai ST, Tan WY, Wo MC, Lim KS, Ahmad SB and Tan CT: Burden in caregivers of adults with epilepsy in Asian families. Seizure. 71:132–139. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fiest KM, Sauro KM, Wiebe S, Patten SB, Kwon CS, Dykeman J, Pringsheim T, Lorenzetti DL and Jetté N: Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international studies. Neurology. 88:296–303. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 18:459–480. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, Robertson N, La Rocca N, Uitdehaag B, van der Mei I, et al: Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler. 26:1816–1821. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Marrie RA, Reider N, Cohen J, Trojano M, Sorensen PS, Cutter G, Reingold S and Stuve O: A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of sleep disorders and seizure disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 21:342–349. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mirmosayyeb O, Shaygannejad V, Nehzat N, Mohammadi A and Ghajarzadeh M: Prevalence of seizure/epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 12(14)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Burman J and Zelano J: Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide population-based register study. Neurology. 89:2462–2468. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Engelsen BA and Grønning M: Epileptic seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis. Is the prognosis of epilepsy underestimated? Seizure. 6:377–382. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Eriksson M, Ben-Menachem E and Andersen O: Epileptic seizures, cranial neuralgias and paroxysmal symptoms in remitting and progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 8:495–499. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mahamud Z, Burman J and Zelano J: Risk of epilepsy after a single seizure in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 25:854–860. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Krökki O, Bloigu R, Ansakorpi H, Reunanen M and Remes AM: Neurological comorbidity and survival in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 3:72–77. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Nakano H, Tanaka M, Kinoshita M, Tahara M, Matsui M, Tanaka K and Konishi T: Epileptic seizures in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Epilepsy Res. 104:175–180. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Koch MW, Polman SK, Uyttenboogaart M and De Keyser J: Treatment of seizures in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: Jul 8, 2009 (Epub ahead of print). | |
|
Nyquist PA, Cascino GD and Rodriguez M: Seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis seen at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, 1990-1998. Mayo Clin Proc. 76:983–986. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Sokic DV, Stojsavljevic N, Drulovic J, Dujmovic I, Mesaros S, Ercegovac M, Peric V, Dragutinovic G and Levic Z: Seizures in multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 42:72–79. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gambardella A, Valentino P, Labate A, Sibilia G, Ruscica F, Colosimo E, Nisticò R, Messina D, Zappia M and Quattrone A: Temporal lobe epilepsy as a unique manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 30:228–232. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Striano P, Orefice G, Brescia Morra V, Boccella P, Sarappa C, Lanzillo R, Vacca G and Striano S: Epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis: Clinical and EEG correlations. Neurol Sci. 24:322–328. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Nicoletti A, Sofia V, Biondi R, Lo Fermo S, Reggio E, Patti F and Reggio A: Epilepsy and multiple sclerosis in Sicily: A population-based study. Epilepsia. 44:1445–1448. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Martínez-Juárez IE, López-Meza E, González-Aragón Mdel C, Ramírez-Bermúdez J and Corona T: Epilepsy and multiple sclerosis: Increased risk among progressive forms. Epilepsy Res. 84:250–253. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Viveiros CD and Alvarenga RM: Prevalence of epilepsy in a case series of multiple sclerosis patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 68:731–736. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lund C, Nakken KO, Edland A and Celius EG: Multiple sclerosis and seizures: Incidence and prevalence over 40 years. Acta Neurol Scand. 130:368–373. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Simpson RJ, McLean G, Guthrie B, Mair F and Mercer SW: Physical and mental health comorbidity is common in people with multiple sclerosis: Nationally representative cross-sectional population database analysis. BMC Neurol. 14(128)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Averianova L, Shakirzianova S, Khaibullin T, Khabirov F, Granatov E and Babicheva N: Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis (MS): Clinical, electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics. Mult Scler J. 23(735)2017. | |
|
Laroni A, Signori A, Maniscalco GT, Lanzillo R, Russo CV, Binello E, Lo Fermo S, Repice A, Annovazzi P, Bonavita S, et al: Assessing association of comorbidities with treatment choice and persistence in MS: A real-life multicenter study. Neurology. 89:2222–2229. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Passarell MA, Otero-Romero S, Bufill E, Lopez-Jimenez T, Deniel J and Sastre-Garriga J: Excess of neurological and psychiatric comorbidity in multiple sclerosis patients as compared to the general population in Catalonia, Spain. Mult Scler J. 23(169)2017. | |
|
Schorner A and Weissert R: Patients with epileptic seizures and multiple sclerosis in a multiple sclerosis center in Southern Germany between 2003-2015. Front Neurol. 10(613)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Neuß F, von Podewils F, Wang ZI, Süße M, Zettl UK and Grothe M: Epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis: Prevalence, competing causes and diagnostic accuracy. J Neurol. 268:1721–1727. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Gasparini S, Ferlazzo E, Ascoli M, Sueri C, Cianci V, Russo C, Pisani LR, Striano P, Elia M, Beghi E, et al: Risk factors for unprovoked epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 38:399–406. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Dagiasi I, Vall V, Kumlien E, Burman J and Zelano J: Treatment of epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. Seizure. 58:47–51. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Catenoix H, Marignier R, Ritleng C, Dufour M, Mauguière F, Confavreux C and Vukusic S: Multiple sclerosis and epileptic seizures. Mult Scler J. 17:96–102. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Alroughani R and Boyko A: Pediatric multiple sclerosis: A review. BMC Neurol. 18(27)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Pack A: Is there a relationship between multiple sclerosis and epilepsy? If so what does it tell us about epileptogenesis? Epilepsy Curr. 18:95–96. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Sponsler JL and Kendrick-Adey AC: Seizures as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Epileptic Disord. 13:401–410. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ooi S, Kalincik T, Perucca P and Monif M: The prevalence of epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis in a large tertiary hospital in Australia. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 7(2055217321989767)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Atmaca MM and Gurses C: Status epilepticus and multiple sclerosis: A case presentation and literature review. Clin EEG Neurosci. 49:328–334. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Spatt J, Goldenberg G and Mamoli B: Simple dysphasic seizures as the sole manifestation of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia. 35:1342–1345. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hess DC and Sethi KD: Epilepsia partialis continua in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci. 50:109–111. 1990.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Spatt J, Chaix R and Mamoli B: Epileptic and non-epileptic seizures in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 248:2–9. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Lublin FD, Häring DA, Ganjgahi H, Ocampo A, Hatami F, Čuklina J, Aarden P, Dahlke F, Arnold DL, Wiendl H, et al: How patients with multiple sclerosis acquire disability. Brain. (awac016)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (Epub ahead of print). | |
|
Grothe M, Ellenberger D, von Podewils F, Stahmann A, Rommer PS and Zettl UK: Epilepsy as a predictor of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 28:942–949. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Mahamud Z, Burman J and Zelano J: Prognostic impact of epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 38(101497)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chou IJ, Kuo CF, Tanasescu R, Tench CR, Tiley CG, Constantinescu CS and Whitehouse WP: Epilepsy and associated mortality in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 26:342–e23. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Marrie RA, Elliott L, Marriott J, Cossoy M, Blanchard J, Leung S and Yu N: Effect of comorbidity on mortality in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 85:240–247. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ontaneda D, Raza PC, Mahajan KR, Arnold DL, Dwyer MG, Gauthier SA, Greve DN, Harrison DM, Henry RG, Li DKB, et al: Deep grey matter injury in multiple sclerosis: A NAIMS consensus statement. Brain. 144:1974–1984. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kidd D, Barkhof F, McConnell R, Algra PR, Allen IV and Revesz T: Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 122:17–26. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Horakova D, Kalincik T, Dusankova JB and Dolezal O: Clinical correlates of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 12(10)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Calabrese M, Grossi P, Favaretto A, Romualdi C, Atzori M, Rinaldi F, Perini P, Saladini M and Gallo P: Cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis patients with epilepsy: A 3 year longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 83:49–54. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Calabrese M, Castellaro M, Bertoldo A, De Luca A, Pizzini FB, Ricciardi GK, Pitteri M, Zimatore S, Magliozzi R, Benedetti MD, et al: Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis: The role of temporal lobe damage. Mult Scler J. 23:473–482. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Hatton SN, Huynh KH, Bonilha L, Abela E, Alhusaini S, Altmann A, Alvim MKM, Balachandra AR, Bartolini E, Bender B, et al: White matter abnormalities across different epilepsy syndromes in adults: An ENIGMA-Epilepsy study. Brain. 143:2454–2473. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Briggs SW and Galanopoulou AS: Altered GABA signaling in early life epilepsies. Neural Plast. 2011(527605)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Uchida T, Furukawa T, Iwata S, Yanagawa Y and Fukuda A: Selective loss of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex of maternally stressed Gad1-heterozygous mouse offspring. Transl Psychiatry. 4(e371)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cao G, Edden RAE, Gao F, Li H, Gong T, Chen W, Liu X, Wang G and Zhao B: Reduced GABA levels correlate with cognitive impairment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Eur Radiol. 28:1140–1148. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Waxman SG: Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology. 56:1621–1627. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Rocca MA, Barkhof F, De Luca J, Frisén J, Geurts JJG, Hulst HE, Sastre-Garriga J and Filippi M: MAGNIMS Study Group. The hippocampus in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 17:918–926. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Pracucci E, Pillai V, Lamers D, Parra R and Landi S: Neuroinflammation: A signature or a cause of epilepsy? Int J Mol Sci. 22(6981)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Vavasour IM, Sun P, Graf C, Yik JT, Kolind SH, Li DK, Tam R, Sayao AL, Schabas A, Devonshire V, et al: Characterization of multiple sclerosis neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with relaxation and diffusion basis spectrum imaging. Mult Scler. 28:418–428. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zahid M, Busmail A, Penumetcha SS, Ahluwalia S, Irfan R, Khan SA, Rohit Reddy S, Vasquez Lopez ME and Mohammed L: Tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade and multiple sclerosis: Exploring new avenues. Cureus. 13(e18847)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Kamaşak T, Dilber B, Yaman SÖ, Durgut BD, Kurt T, Çoban E, Arslan EA, Şahin S, Karahan SC and Cansu A: HMGB-1, TLR4, IL-1R1, TNF-α, and IL-1β: Novel epilepsy markers? Epileptic Disord. 22:183–193. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Akyuz E, Polat AK, Eroglu E, Kullu I, Angelopoulou E and Paudel YN: Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review. Life Sci. 265(118826)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Dunn N, Kharlamova N and Fogdell-Hahn A: The role of herpesvirus 6A and 6B in multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Scand J Immunol. 92(e12984)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ortega-Madueño I, Garcia-Montojo M, Dominguez-Mozo MI, Garcia-Martinez A, Arias-Leal AM, Casanova I, Arroyo R and Alvarez-Lafuente R: Anti-human herpesvirus 6A/B IgG correlates with relapses and progression in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 9(e104836)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Engdahl E, Gustafsson R, Huang J, Biström M, Lima Bomfim I, Stridh P, Khademi M, Brenner N, Butt J, Michel A, et al: Increased serological response against human herpesvirus 6A Is associated with risk for multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol. 10(2715)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Donati D, Akhyani N, Fogdell-Hahn A, Cermelli C, Cassiani-Ingoni R, Vortmeyer A, Heiss JD, Cogen P, Gaillard WD, Sato S, et al: Detection of human herpesvirus-6 in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy surgical brain resections. Neurology. 61:1405–1411. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Shin YW: Understanding new-onset refractory status epilepticus from an immunological point of view. Encephalitis. 1:61–67. 2021. | |
|
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, Hirsch E, Jain S, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, et al: ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 58:512–521. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Filippi M, Preziosa P, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Ciccarelli O, De Stefano N, Geurts JJG, Paul F, Reich DS, Toosy AT, et al: Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: Practical guidelines. Brain. 142:1858–1875. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Rayatpour A, Farhangi S, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Ureña J, Auladell C and Javan M: The cross talk between underlying mechanisms of multiple sclerosis and epilepsy may provide new insights for more efficient therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 14(1031)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Calabrese M, De Stefano N, Atzori M, Bernardi V, Mattisi I, Barachino L, Rinaldi L, Morra A, McAuliffe MM, Perini P, et al: Extensive cortical inflammation is associated with epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 255:581–586. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Cheng MY, Wai YY, Ro LS and Wu T: Seizures and multiple sclerosis in Chinese patients: A clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Epilepsy Res. 101:166–173. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zarei M, Chandran S, Compston A and Hodges J: Cognitive presentation of multiple sclerosis: Evidence for a cortical variant. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 74:872–877. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Calabrese M, De Stefano N, Atzori M, Bernardi V, Mattisi I, Barachino L, Morra A, Rinaldi L, Romualdi C, Perini P, et al: Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 64:1416–1422. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Arashloo FT, Hanzaei FF, Sedighi B, Amjad G and Younesi L: Efficacy of diffusion-weighted imaging in symptomatic and asymptomatic multiple sclerotic plaques. J Family Med Prim Care. 8:2409–2413. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zheng Y, Lee JC, Rudick R and Fisher E: Long-term magnetization transfer ratio evolution in multiple sclerosis white matter lesions. J Neuroimaging. 28:191–198. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Sommer NN, Saam T, Coppenrath E, Kooijman H, Kümpfel T, Patzig M, Beyer SE, Sommer WH, Reiser MF, Ertl-Wagner B and Treitl KM: Multiple sclerosis: Improved detection of active cerebral lesions with 3-dimensional T1 black-blood magnetic resonance imaging compared with conventional 3-dimensional T1 GRE imaging. Invest Radiol. 53:13–19. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Tewarie P, Steenwijk MD, Brookes MJ, Uitdehaag BMJ, Geurts JJG, Stam CJ and Schoonheim MM: Explaining the heterogeneity of functional connectivity findings in multiple sclerosis: An empirically informed modeling study. Hum Brain Mapp. 39:2541–2548. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Dericioğlu N, Saygi S and Ciğer A: The value of provocation methods in patients suspected of having non-epileptic seizures. Seizure. 8:152–156. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Xu Y, Nguyen D, Mohamed A, Carcel C, Li Q, Kutlubaev MA, Anderson CS and Hackett ML: Frequency of a false positive diagnosis of epilepsy: A systematic review of observational studies. Seizure. 41:167–174. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Poser CM and Brinar VV: Epilepsy and multiple sclerosis. Epilepsy Behav. 4:6–12. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Shaygannejad V, Ashtari F, Zare M, Ghasemi M, Norouzi R and Maghzi H: Seizure characteristics in multiple sclerosis patients. J Res Med Sci. 18 (Suppl 1):S74–S77. 2013.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Grabow JD: Optimal recordings techniques and activation procedures: childrens and adults In: Clinical neurophysiology of epilepsy. (EEG handbook, revised series, vol. 4). Wada JA and Ellingson RJ (eds). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp39-77, 1990. | |
|
Moreau T, Sochurkova D, Lemesle M, Madinier G, Billiar T, Giroud M and Dumas R: Epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: Radiological-clinical correlations. Epilepsia. 39:893–896. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
de la Paz D and Brenner RP: Bilateral independent periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges. Clinical significance. Arch Neurol. 38:713–715. 1981.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Salim AA, Ali SH, Hussain AM and Ibrahim WN: Electroencephalographic evidence of gray matter lesions among multiple sclerosis patients: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 100(e27001)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Papathanasiou ES, Pantzaris M, Myrianthopoulou P, Kkolou E and Papacostas SS: Brainstem lesions may be important in the development of epilepsy in multiple sclerosis patients: An evoked potential study. Clin Neurophysiol. 121:2104–2110. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Stefanović S, Janković SM, Novaković M, Milosavljević M and Folić M: Pharmacodynamics and common drug-drug interactions of the third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 14:153–159. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Perucca E: Antiepileptic drugs: Evolution of our knowledge and changes in drug trials. Epileptic Disord. 21:319–329. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Chen Z, Brodie MJ, Liew D and Kwan P: Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: A 30-year longitudinal cohort study. JAMA Neurol. 75:279–286. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Solaro C, Brichetto G, Battaglia MA, Messmer Uccelli M and Mancardi GL: Antiepileptic medications in multiple sclerosis: Adverse effects in a three-year follow-up study. Neurol Sci. 25:307–310. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Rajagopalan K and Lee LK: Association between adherence to sodium channel blockers and patient-reported outcomes: Analysis of US survey data among patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 99(106483)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
You Y, Zhao Y, Bai H, Liu Z, Meng F, Zhang H and Xu R: Glatiramer acetate, an anti-demyelination drug, reduced rats' epileptic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol via protection of myelin sheath. Eur J Pharm Sci. 49:366–370. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Fabene PF, Laudanna C and Constantin G: Leukocyte trafficking mechanisms in epilepsy. Mol Immunol. 55:100–104. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Leo A, Citraro R, Marra R, Palma E, Paola EDD, Constanti A, De Sarro G and Russo E: The sphingosine 1Phosphate signaling pathway in epilepsy: A possible role for the immunomodulator drug fingolimod in epilepsy treatment. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 16:311–325. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Morrow SA, Clift F, Devonshire V, Lapointe E, Schneider R, Stefanelli M and Vosoughi R: Use of natalizumab in persons with multiple sclerosis: 2022 update. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 65(103995)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Scott LJ: Siponimod: A review in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 34:1191–1200. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Daniels K, van der Nat PB, Frequin STFM, van der Wees PJ, Biesma DH, Hoogervorst ELJ and van de Garde EMW: Real-world results of ocrelizumab treatment for primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int. 2020(5463451)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Zaccara G and Perucca E: Interactions between antiepileptic drugs, and between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Epileptic Disord. 16:409–431. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Beiske GA, Holmøy T, Beiske AG, Johannessen SI and Johannessen Landmark C: Antiepileptic and antidepressive polypharmacy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int. 2015(317859)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar |
