Protective effect of cerium oxide on testicular function and oxidative stress after torsion/detorsion in adult male rats

Yesil,Suleyman; Ozdemir,Cagri; Arslan,Mustafa; Gundogdu,Ayse Cakir; Kavutcu,Mustafa; Atan,Ali

doi:10.3892/etm.2022.11700

Protective effect of cerium oxide on testicular function and oxidative stress after torsion/detorsion in adult male rats

Authors:
- Suleyman Yesil
- Cagri Ozdemir
- Mustafa Arslan
- Ayse Cakir Gundogdu
- Mustafa Kavutcu
- Ali Atan
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Affiliations: Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, 06510 Ankara, Turkey, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, 06510 Ankara, Turkey, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Kutahya Health Sciences University, 43050 Kutahya, Turkey, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
Published online on: November 15, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11700
Article Number: 1
Copyright: © Yesil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Testicular torsion (T)/detorsion (D) can cause testicular injury due to the rotation of the spermatic cord and its vessels, therefore it represents an urological emergency that is surgically treated. Oxidative damage occurs in the testis and distant organs because of the overproduction of free radicals and overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines by reperfusion after surgery. Cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles, a material also known as nanoceria, have regenerative antioxidant properties on oxidative stress. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of nanoceria on testis tissues in testicular T/D in rats. A total of 24 rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups: Control, CeO₂, T/D and CeO₂‑T/D groups. Left inguinoscrotal incision was performed in the control group. In the CeO₂ group, 0.5 mg/kg CeO₂ was given intraperitoneally 30 min before inguinoscrotal incision. In the T/D group, unilateral testicular T/D was performed through an inguinoscrotal incision and rotating the left testis 720˚ clockwise, which was then left ischemic for 120 min, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In the CeO₂‑T/D group, 0.5 mg/kg CeO₂ was given intraperitoneally 30 min before testicular T/D. At the end of the experiment, testis tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical examinations. The samples were histologically examined, Glutathione‑s transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), paraoxonase (PON) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured via biochemical analysis methods, while the expression levels of p53, Bax and Bcl‑2 were detected using immunohistochemistry. The present results revealed statistically significant inter‑group differences in PON, CAT and GST activities and MDA levels. GST, CAT and PON activities were significantly higher, whereas MDA levels in the CeO₂‑T/D group were significantly lower compared with those in the T/D group. The T/D group had increased Bax and decreased Bcl‑2 expression levels in their seminiferous tubules compared with the control and CeO₂ groups. CeO₂ treatment led to downregulation of Bax and upregulation of Bcl‑2. The expression of p53 was high in the T/D group compared with that in the control and CeO₂ groups, and was upregulated in all germinal cells. However, compared with that in the T/D group, p53 expression was significantly decreased in the CeO₂‑T/D group. The testicular injury score significantly increased in the CeO₂‑T/D group compared with the control and CeO₂ groups. Rats in the CeO₂‑T/D group demonstrated significantly milder tissue lesions compared with those in T/D group. The present findings indicated that nanoceria may protect testis in rats against the harmful effects of T/D. Further studies are required to evaluate how CeO₂ reduces oxidative stress and cell death in testis tissue that underwent T/D‑related injury.

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