Open Access

Animal models for the study of intracranial hematomas (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Wellingson Silva Paiva
    • Emanuele Zippo
    • Carolina Miranda
    • Sérgio Brasil
    • Daniel Augustin Godoy
    • Almir Ferreira De Andrade
    • Iuri Neville
    • Gustavo Cartaxo Patriota
    • Renan Domingues
    • Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: November 22, 2022     https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11719
  • Article Number: 20
  • Copyright: © Paiva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Intracranial hematomas (ICH) are a frequent condition in neurosurgical and neurological practices, with several mechanisms of primary and secondary injury. Experimental research has been fundamental for the understanding of the pathophysiology implicated with ICH and the development of therapeutic interventions. To date, a variety of different animal approaches have been described that consider, for example, the ICH evolutive phase, molecular implications and hemodynamic changes. Therefore, choosing a test protocol should consider the scope of each particular study. The present review summarized investigational protocols in experimental research on the subject of ICH. With this subject, injection of autologous blood or bacterial collagenase, inflation of intracranial balloon and avulsion of cerebral vessels were the models identified. Rodents (mice) and swine were the most frequent species used. These different models allowed improvements on the understanding of intracranial hypertension establishment, neuroinflammation, immunology, brain hemodynamics and served to the development of therapeutic strategies.
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January-2023
Volume 25 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1792-0981
Online ISSN:1792-1015

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Spandidos Publications style
Paiva WS, Zippo E, Miranda C, Brasil S, Godoy DA, De Andrade AF, Neville I, Patriota GC, Domingues R, Teixeira MJ, Teixeira MJ, et al: Animal models for the study of intracranial hematomas (Review). Exp Ther Med 25: 20, 2023
APA
Paiva, W.S., Zippo, E., Miranda, C., Brasil, S., Godoy, D.A., De Andrade, A.F. ... Teixeira, M.J. (2023). Animal models for the study of intracranial hematomas (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25, 20. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11719
MLA
Paiva, W. S., Zippo, E., Miranda, C., Brasil, S., Godoy, D. A., De Andrade, A. F., Neville, I., Patriota, G. C., Domingues, R., Teixeira, M. J."Animal models for the study of intracranial hematomas (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25.1 (2023): 20.
Chicago
Paiva, W. S., Zippo, E., Miranda, C., Brasil, S., Godoy, D. A., De Andrade, A. F., Neville, I., Patriota, G. C., Domingues, R., Teixeira, M. J."Animal models for the study of intracranial hematomas (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25, no. 1 (2023): 20. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11719